Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ciprofloxacin is a new 6-fluoro-7-piperazino-4-quinolone that is highly active against a broad array of microbial pathogens. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin are generally below 0.5 micrograms/ml for Hemophilus, Neisseria, and Enterobacteriaceae and are 1.0 microgram/ml or less for many non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria. Most staphylococci, including strains resistant to methicillin, are inhibited by 1.0 microgram/ml or less of ciprofloxacin, whereas streptococci are somewhat less susceptible. Obligate anaerobes are generally not susceptible to ciprofloxacin at concentrations below 1.0 microgram/ml. The antimicrobial potency of ciprofloxacin is twofold to fourfold greater than that of norfloxacin and is considerably greater than that of cephalosporins and aminoglycosides in tests with most gram-negative bacteria. Factors diminishing the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin include acidic pH, high levels of magnesium ions, and an inoculum size of 10(7) colony-forming units/ml or greater. Ciprofloxacin is bactericidal at concentrations near its MIC for most bacteria. In vivo tests with experimentally induced infections in animals confirm the potency of ciprofloxacin. Doses required to protect 50 percent of animals from death are generally less than 2.0 mg/kg for gram-negative infections and range from 0.7 to 7.0 mg/kg for staphylococcal infections. The antimicrobial spectrum and potency of ciprofloxacin demonstrated in these preclinical studies make this quinolone a promising new antimicrobial agent.
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PMID:Overview of preclinical studies with ciprofloxacin. 364 29

Of 125 patients treated with ciprofloxacin at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, 34 had infections due to bacteria other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mean age of the patients was 50 years (19-88 years) and most had significant underlying disease. There were nine lower respiratory infections, eight urinary tract infections, eight soft tissue infections, three osteomyelitis, and three intra-abdominal infections. The pathogens were: Escherichia coli, 7 (mean MIC 0.07 mg/l); Serratia marcescens, 6 (0.2 mg/l); Enterobacter spp., 5 (0.1 mg/l); Klebsiella pneumoniae, 3 (0.1 mg/l); Proteus mirabilis, 3 (0.06 mg/l); Cutrobacter freundii, 2 (0.06 mg/l), Staphylococcus aureus, 3 (0.5 mg/l); and one each of Acinetobacter anitratus. Haemophilus, influenzae, Salmonella enteritidis, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, and Streptococcus faecalis. Of these organisms 81% were resistant to ampicillin, 70% to carbenicillin, 22% to gentamicin, 49% to cefazolin and cephalexin, and 25% to cotrimoxazole. Ten patients had concomitant Ps. aeruginosa infections. Patients were treated orally with 500 mg or 750 mg ciprofloxacin every 12 h. The overall clinical response rate was 88%, and the bacteriological response 76%, and 65% if Ps. aeruginosa is included. Resistance to ciprofloxacin developed in one Staph. aureus and one Ser. marcescens (MIC greater than 2 mg/l). Toxicity was minor. Ciprofloxacin was effective and safe therapy of infections due to Gram-negative bacteria resistant to many of the currently available oral and parenteral agents.
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PMID:Oral ciprofloxacin therapy of infection caused by multiply resistant bacteria other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 380 6

The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin was compared to those of norfloxacin, pefloxacin, pipemidic acid, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, cephradine and amoxycillin. Agar dilution tests were performed with 631 clinical isolates from urinary and respiratory tract infections. Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most active drug tested against all gram-negative organisms and streptococci, with the exception of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. MIC 90 values of ciprofloxacin were as follows: for Enterobacteriaceae, 0.03-0.23 mg/l, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.37 mg/l, Haemophilus influenzae, less than 0.015 mg/l, Staphylococcus aureus, 0.75 mg/l, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1.89 mg/l, and Streptococcus faecalis, 0.95 mg/l. The inhibitory quotients for urine, serum and bronchial secretion showed that ciprofloxacin had the broadest spectrum of all agents tested and covered and clinically significant bacteria.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro activity of five quinoline derivatives and five other antimicrobial agents used in oral therapy. 623 1

Isolated bacteria from respiratory tract infections were collected since 1981 in cooperation with institutions located throughout Japan, and have been investigated for their sensitivities to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics and reported by IKEMOTO, et al. Relationships between these isolates and backgrounds of the patients were also studied each year. These results are discussed in detail in this report. In 20 institutions around the entire Japan from October 1991 to September 1992, 631 strains of bacteria were isolated mainly from sputa of 529 patients with respiratory tract infections and tentatively determined to be etiological agents. MICs of various antibacterial agents and antibiotics against 96 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 112 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 111 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 114 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid), 41 strains of Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis, 39 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mucoid), Klebsiella pneumoniae and some others, were determined, and the drug sensitivities of these strains were determined except for the strains that had been killed during transportation: 1. S. aureus. S. aureus strains for which MICs of methicillin were higher than 4 micrograms/ml (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) accounted for 58.3% and the frequency of the drug resistant bacteria increased over previous year's 42.5%. As shown by the MICs, arbekacin was active as vancomycin against all the strains on S. aureus. 2. S. pneumoniae: Benzylpenicillin among the penicillins showed a potent activity against S. pneumoniae. Cefuzonam, cefmenoxime, cefozopran and cefotaxime among the cephems showed excellent antimicrobial activities against S. pneumoniae. Imipenem; a penem antibiotic, showed the most potent activity with MIC80 of 0.03 micrograms/ml. 3. H. influenzae: Activities of all drugs were excellent against H. influenzae strains tested. Ampicillin showed MIC80 of 1 micrograms/ml against H. influenzae. Cefuzonam showed the most potent activity among cephems, it completely killed all bacteria at MIC 0.06 micrograms/ml. Cefotaxime and cefmenoxime showed next most potent activities with MIC80s of 0.06 micrograms/ml. The antimicrobial activity of ofloxacin was equivalent to those of cephems. 4. P. aeruginosa (mucoid). Ciprofloxacin and tobramycin showed the most potent activities against P. aeruginosa (mucoid), and their MIC80s were 4 micrograms/ml. 5. P. aeruginosa (non-mucoid): Similarly, ciprofloxacin and tobramycin showed the most potent activities against P. aeruginosa (non-mucoid) with MIC80 of 2 micrograms/ml. Comparing to activities against P. aeruginosa (mucoid), all the drugs tested showed lower activities against P. aeruginosa (non-mucoid). 6. K. pneumoniae: The activities of all drugs except for penicillins were very high against K. pneumoniae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1991)]. 747 26

Bacteriology of the respiratory isolates from 2,539 patients with respiratory infections in 21 primary care clinics was documented. Of a total of 1,887 strains of potential pathogens recovered from 1,507 patients, 996 were gram-positive and 891 were gram-negative. Major pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. The MIC's against microbial isolates of six antimicrobial agents were determined. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were more active against S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ampicillin and cefteram were more active against S. pnuemoniae and S. pyogenes than four other antimicrobials tested, respectively, in this experiment. New quinolones and new generation cephems were active against H. influenzae and Enterobacteriaceae. Only one strain of S. aureus was methicillin-resistant. As regards other pathogens, 6.5% of S. pneumoniae and 14.9% of H. influenzae were resistant to ampicillin, and 26.7% of H. influenzae were beta-lactamase-positive. MRSA was found infrequently. But ampicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found in primary care clinics almost as frequently as in intensive-medication-oriented clinics.
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PMID:Antibiotic susceptibility of the sputum pathogens and throat swab pathogens isolated from the patients undergoing treatment in twenty-one private clinics in Japan. 757 May 82

To determine the efficacy in vivo of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute infectious bronchopneumopathies, 90 patients, suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and with no known allergies to quinolones, were admitted to the study. Patients were randomly divided into three groups of 30; the first group was dosed with pefloxacin 800 mg i.v. every 24 hours; the second group with pefloxacin 800 mg per os every 24 hours and the third with 500 mg per os of ciprofloxacin every 12 hours. Blood and bronchial secretion samples were simultaneously collected 2, 4, 8, 12, 14 and 24 hours after the first daily dose of antibiotic. Serum and bronchial secretion concentrations of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined by using a microbiological agar disk diffusion assay, employing Escherichia coli Kp 712 as test organism. Eradication of responsible microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis) were achieved in 98% of patients around 72 hours post treatment. Generally, both antibiotics expressed similar bactericidal properties when orally administered, while intravenous administration of pefloxacin displays a more rapid antibacterial action in comparison with the oral administration schedules. Maximal concentrations of both drugs in bronchial secretion were recorded at the same time after treatment (4 hours), with concentrations of about 2.5 micrograms/ml. Pefloxacin, having a longer half-life, was found 24 hours post-treatment with plasma concentrations of 1.5 micrograms/ml following a single oral dose of 800 mg. Ciprofloxacin, having a shorter half-life, showed a peak of about 1 microgram/ml, 12 hours after administration (500 mg/12 hours/os).
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PMID:Comparative activities of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic respiratory tract infections. 766 21

A total of 251 adults with chronic sinusitis were enrolled into this prospective multicentre, double-blind, double-placebo comparison of ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (500 mg three times daily). The diagnosis of chronic sinusitis (persistence of clinical symptoms for at least 3 months) was confirmed by computerized tomography scan and/or sinusoscopy prior to therapy. Patients at inclusion had purulent or muco-purulent rhinorrhoea. Staphylococcus aureus (n = 45), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 35), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 32) and enterobacteriaceae (n = 31) were isolated from pre-treatment aspirates of the middle meatus. Treatment lasted 9 days, at the end of which nasal discharge disappeared in 71/118 (60.2%) patients of the ciprofloxacin group and 69/123 (56.1%) of those in the amoxycillin/clavulanic acid group. The clinical cure and bacteriological eradication rates were 58.6% versus 51.2% and 88.9% versus 90.5% for ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, respectively. These differences were not significant, however, amongst patients who had a positive initial culture and who were evaluated 40 days after treatment. Ciprofloxacin recipients had a significantly higher cure rate than those treated with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (83.3% vs. 67.6%, p = 0.043). Clinical tolerance was significantly better with ciprofloxacin (p = 0.012), essentially due to a large number of gastro-intestinal related side-effects in the amoxycillin/clavulanic acid group (n = 35). Ciprofloxacin proved to be at least as effective as amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. The superior safety profile, a twice daily dosage regimen, suggests that ciprofloxacin may be a useful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of chronic sinusitis.
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PMID:A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. 780 31

The pattern of distribution of bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and virus isolated from the same specimen recovered from the throat swab or the sputum of 479 patients with respiratory infections who were seen in six private clinics in Sendai City of Japan during the period from October to November in 1992 (period I) and from January to February in 1993 (period II) was documented. Of the 479 patients, 234 had acute pharyngitis, 145 had acute bronchitis, 96 had influenza, 21 had acute tonsillitis, 5 had acute pneumonia and 9 had other respiratory infections. One hundred (42.4%) strains of potential pathogen and one strain of M. pneumoniae were recovered from 236 cases in period I, and 66 (27.2%) strains of potential pathogen, one strain of M. pneumonae and 73 strains of Influenza virus (30.0%: 43 of type A Hong-Kong and 30 of type B) from 243 cases in period II. Of the 166 strains, major isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (56 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (12 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (15 strains), Haemophilus influenzae (17 strains), Esherichia coli (4 strains), Klebsiella spp. (35 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 strains) and Acinetobacter spp. (23 strains). Only one strain of S. aureus was resistant to methicillin (MIC: 50 micrograms/ml). None of S. pneumoniae was resistant to 1 microgram/ml of ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin was administered to 113 cases and roxythromycin to 220 cases by doctors in charge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Studies on respiratory infections in primary care clinic (V). The pattern of distribution on bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and virus isolated from patients with respiratory infections, who were seen in six private clinics, and clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin]. 782 4

The study compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in 12 healthy male volunteers with normal renal function. Each volunteer received oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg, intravenous (i.v.) ciprofloxacin 400 mg, oral ofloxacin 400 mg, or i.v. ofloxacin 400 mg in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design with a one-week 'washout' period between doses. Mean peak serum concentrations were 4.48 and 5.44 mg/L for i.v. ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively. For the oral regimens, mean peak serum concentrations were 2.45 mg/L for ciprofloxacin and 4.44 mg/L for ofloxacin. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) for each drug were measured against five strains of each of the following species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter anitratus, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, using the microdilution method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Ciprofloxacin was more active in vitro than ofloxacin against the tested species of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa, while ofloxacin was slightly more active against A. anitratus. MBCs for the two drugs were similar for H. influenzae and S. aureus. Oral and i.v. ciprofloxacin in the doses given resulted in nearly equivalent SBA. Similarly, oral and i.v. ofloxacin had nearly equivalent SBA. For the i.v. and oral regimens of both agents, peak SBA was > or = 2 throughout the 12-hour test period against the Enterobacteriaceae and H. influenzae. At peak concentrations, both drugs had modest SBA against P. aeruginosa, A. anitratus, and S. aureus but little or no activity 8 and 12 h after dosing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparative crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. 815 51

The in vitro activity of cefixime and 9 other orally used antimicrobial agents against 545 selected clinical respiratory tract pathogens was tested using the plate-dilution method. Of the strains tested, 144 were Haemophilus influenzae strains, 151 group A streptococci, 105 pneumococci and 145 Moraxella catarrhalis isolates. Ciprofloxacin was the most active drug, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of < 0.06 mg/l for more than 87% of the isolates. With cefixime, a MIC of 0.06 mg/l inhibited 55% of the strains tested and a MIC of 1.0 mg/l inhibited all except one of the 545 strains. One pneumococcal strain was resistant to cefixime. Beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis strains were clearly more susceptible to cefixime than to other oral cephalosporins (cephalexin, cefaclor, cefuroxime). However, penicillin, ampicillin and cefuroxime were more effective against beta-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci than was cefixime. The new third generation cephalosporin, cefixime, showed markedly better in vitro activity against certain major respiratory tract pathogens than the other peroral antimicrobials commonly used against respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in Finland to cefixime and nine other antimicrobial agents. 836 34


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