Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was set up to establish the regression curve for roxithromycin inhibition zone diameters (disks 15 micrograms) and MIC to create a strain distribution plot, in order to allow accurate interpretation of the disk diffusion method for testing susceptibility to roxithromycin. 373 bacterial strains were studied in three university hospital. Roxithromycin was active against erythromycin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci at concentrations of 0.06 to 4 micrograms/ml (mode 0.5). Erythromycin resistant strains were also resistant to roxithromycin. Enterococci could be divided into two populations, one resistant (MIC greater than 128 micrograms/ml) and the other with MIC of 0.5 to 32 (mode 1-2). This was also the case for Streptococci and Pneumococci with MIC lower for susceptible strains (mode 0.06-0.12). Roxithromycin was active on Haemophilus at concentrations of 0.12 to 32 micrograms/ml; MIC for beta-lactamase producing strains were comparable to those of strains not producing. MIC for Gonococci were low (less than 0.008 to 0.12), except for three strains. They were higher for Meningococci (0.03 to 32) with a majority of strains inhibited by 0.5 to 4 micrograms/ml. MIC were 4 for Clostridium perfringens; Bacteroides fragilis strains were inhibited by 0.5 to 2 micrograms/ml. The correlation coefficient for regression curve was 0.79; for critical concentrations less than or equal to 1 and greater than 4 micrograms/ml, critical diameters are greater than or equal to 22 and less than 17 mm.
 ...
PMID:[In vitro activity of roxithromycin against hospital bacteria and the concordance curve]. 290 Apr 88

The 15-micrograms erythromycin disk was twice evaluated for interpretive accuracy against 417 and then 266 strains of gram-positive cocci, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae by using the criteria suggested by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. These studies suggest a revision of streptococcal and Staphylococcus sp. interpretive guidelines to criteria (greater than or equal to 23 mm = susceptible, less than or equal to 13 mm = resistant) that are more compatible with in vivo erythromycin concentrations. It is also recommended that zone diameters be modified for H. influenzae (greater than or equal to 23 mm = susceptible, less than 22 mm = resistant) and that meningococci not be tested. A wide moderately susceptible category (1.0 to 4.0 micrograms/ml) would primarily include enterococcus strains and those organisms that would then respond only to parenteral administration of erythromycin. Roxithromycin (RU 965 or RU 28965), a new oxime ether erythromycin derivative, was also evaluated by investigator-prepared 15-micrograms disks and later with 30- and 60-micrograms commercial disks. Although roxithromycin was comparable to erythromycin in activity and regression line statistics, changes in the susceptible disk criteria were necessary because of superior roxithromycin serum concentrations and a longer serum half-life. Preliminary susceptible breakpoint criteria were greater than 21 mm = susceptible, 10 to 20 mm = indeterminate, and less than or equal to 9 mm = resistant. By using the recommended interpretive criteria for both macrolides, less than 98% absolute agreement was obtained, therefore suggesting the application of a spectrum class concept.
 ...
PMID:Disk diffusion susceptibility testing of two macrolide antimicrobial agents: revised interpretive criteria for erythromycin and preliminary guidelines for roxithromycin (RU 965). 309 34

Roxithromycin is a new macrolide antibiotic with good absorption and a longer half-life than erythromycin. Worldwide clinical studies to evaluate its efficacy and safety in the treatment of infections of the lower respiratory tract have achieved a clinical success rate of 89% with few and mild side effects. Double-blind studies comparing roxithromycin with cephradine, erythromycin ethylsuccinate and doxycycline in pneumonia, acute exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease, and acute bronchitis have been done. The clinical response to comparative regimens has been similar and ranges from 60% response with either regimen in patients with chronic airways disease to 90% response in patients with acute bronchitis or pneumonia. Roxithromycin appears to be as effective as erythromycin or doxycycline for the treatment of either Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae infections. A large double-blind trial comparing cephradine and roxithromycin in 90 cases of bacteriologically confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia in South African gold miners resulted in a 93% and 100% respective clinical response rate. The bacteriological results revealed interesting results in this same study, in that cultures from 17% of patients receiving roxithromycin and 23% of those receiving cephradine remained positive for S. pneumoniae after therapy was finished and an excellent clinical response had been obtained. Side effects in all studies have been transient and mild, with an elevated transaminase value being the most common in both roxithromycin and erythromycin or cephradine regimens. Roxithromycin appears to be a safe and effective oral antibiotic for the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia and other infections of the lower respiratory tract, and is as effective as erythromycin, doxycycline or cephradine.
 ...
PMID:Roxithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, in the treatment of infections in the lower respiratory tract: an overview. 332 66

A study was made of the in-vitro activity of roxithromycin in comparison with that of erythromycin on selected recent clinical isolates of a wide range of organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by an agar dilution method with an inoculum of 10(4) cfu. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and the effect of pH were determined by a broth dilution method on selected strains. In general the in-vitro activity of roxithromycin mirrored that of erythromycin, but it was slightly less active. Most strains of streptococci, with the exception of enterococci, were highly sensitive to roxithromycin, as were isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis. Branhamella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Staphylococci and enterococci were only moderately sensitive to both agents as was Haemophilus influenzae. Most anaerobic bacteria were sensitive although Bacteroides fragilis, fusobacteria and some strains of some clostridial species were moderately resistant. The MBCs were usually at least 16-fold higher than MICs for most staphylococci, enterococci, alpha-haemolytic streptococci and B. fragilis; but for beta-haemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis the MBCs were usually only 2- to 4-fold higher than MICs. Roxithromycin was most active at pH 8 and generally for each unit fall in pH there was a 4-fold diminution of activity. However, the effect was less marked for pneumococci, beta-haemolytic streptococci and H. influenzae.
 ...
PMID:The in-vitro activity of roxithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, in comparison with that of erythromycin. 342 35

The in vitro activity of the new macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin (RU 28965) was compared with the activities of five other orally absorbable antimicrobial agents against 100 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. Roxithromycin MICs were generally twofold to fourfold higher than those of erythromycin; the MIC for 90% of the strains for roxithromycin was 8 micrograms/ml.
 ...
PMID:In vitro activity of the new macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin (RU 28965) against clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. 348 19

One hundred isolates of Haemophilus influenzae including 50 beta-lactamase producing, five ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase producing and five beta-lactam tolerant strains were tested for susceptibility (MICs and MBCs) to ampicillin, aztreonam, carumonam, cefixime, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefotaxime, imipenem, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole, by a microdilution broth method. Cefotaxime, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin with MIC90 and MBC90 of less than 0.03 mg/l) were the most active antimicrobial agents tested. Cefixime, carumonam, aztreonam, and co-trimoxazole (MIC90 and MBC90 less than 0.25 mg/l) showed good activity against most strains. Roxithromycin and erythromycin had limited antibacterial activity (MIC90, 8 and 4 mg/l respectively). There were no chloramphenicol-resistant strains. Five beta-lactamase-negative strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefaclor and cefamandole but susceptible to other beta-lactams tested. Different patterns of tolerance were observed: four of five tolerant strains were tolerant to ampicillin and cefamandole, three to cefixime, cefaclor and cefotaxime, one to aztreonam. One tolerant strain was a beta-lactamase producer. Two other strains were tolerant only to co-trimoxazole.
 ...
PMID:Comparative bactericidal activity of cefixime, carumonam, enoxacin and roxithromycin with those of other antibiotics against resistant Haemophilus influenzae including beta-lactam tolerant strains. 350 22

The activity of roxithromycin was determined by a microdilution method, in comparison with erythromycin, spiramycin and josamycin. Roxithromycin and erythromycin showed very similar MICs against staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Str. pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae. In most cases, spiramycin and josamycin appeared similarly or more active. The activity of roxithromycin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Chlamydia psittaci and, to some extent, against Pasteurella spp. was also assessed, by suitable in-vitro methods. Roxithromycin has a promising potential for treating selected skin and respiratory infections.
 ...
PMID:In-vitro activity of roxithromycin against respiratory and skin pathogens. 350 24

The in vitro activity of roxithromycin (RU 28965), a new semisynthetic macrolide, was compared with that of amoxycillin, cephradine, doxycycline and erythromycin against 160 respiratory and skin isolates including 10 methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus, 10 beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and 30 anaerobes. The MIC determinations were performed by an agar dilution method using a final inoculum of 10(4)-10(5) c.f.u./ml and results were recorded as the lowest concentration of the drug that inhibited visible growth (MIC). All organisms were incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C for 18 h, except anaerobes which were incubated in an anaerobic chamber at 37 degrees C for 48 h. The MICs of roxithromycin against staphylococci (30 strains, 10 of which were erythromycin-resistant, MIC greater than or equal to 2 mg/l) ranged from 0.03 to greater than or equal to 16 mg/l. The MIC90 against erythromycin-sensitive staphylococci was 1.0 mg/l. The MICs of roxithromycin ranged from 0.03-4 mg/l (MIC90 0.25 mg/l) against streptococci (50 strains), from 1 to 32 mg/l (MIC90 8 mg/l) against Haemophilus spp. (40), and from 0.06 to 0.25 mg/l (MIC90 0.125 mg/l) against B. catarrhalis (10). Roxithromycin was less active than erythromycin against fusobacteria (MIC 0.05 to greater than or equal to 128 mg/l) and against Veillonella spp. (MIC greater than 128 mg/l). Roxithromycin was more active than cephradine, doxycycline and amoxycillin against the aerobic organisms (except for amoxycillin against streptococci, where the activity was similar) but less active against the anaerobes examined. Taken together with reported kinetic advantages, these results suggest that roxithromycin may be a useful antibiotic in selected circumstances and studies to determine its efficacy seem indicated.
 ...
PMID:The in vitro activity of roxithromycin (RU 28965) compared with four oral antibiotics. 362 50

Roxithromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibacterial erythromycin with in vitro antibacterial activity resembling that of the parent compound. The drug has activity against some Staphylococcus spp., many Streptococcus spp., Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis as well as many less common organisms. Measured using recently proposed guidelines, roxithromycin has in vitro activity against Haemophilus influenzae. In comparison with that of its parent compound, the pharmacokinetic profile of roxithromycin is characterised by high plasma, tissue and body fluid concentrations and a long half-life permitting an extended dosage interval. Roxithromycin has proven clinical efficacy in upper and lower respiratory infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urogenital infections and orodental infections, and appears to be as effective as more established treatments including erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefaclor. The drug has also shown promise in a variety of more specialised indications including opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients and as part of a Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen. Roxithromycin is very well tolerated with an overall incidence of adverse events of approximately 4%. Thus, roxithromycin is an attractive therapeutic alternative in its established indications, especially when the option of once-daily administration is considered.
 ...
PMID:Roxithromycin. An update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. 752 29

An open clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerance of Roxithromycin 150 mg twice daily was carried out amongst Nigerian patients with upper and lower respiratory tract infections at Plateau Hospital Jos. Twenty-two patients aged between 13 and 86 years comprising of twelve women, seven men and three children completed the study. 18 (81.8%) had bronchopulmonary infections, 3 (13.6%) had tonsillitis and 1 (4.6%) had otitis media. Pathogens isolated included streptococcus Pneumonia (22.7%), Streptococcus pyogenes (13.6%), Bramhella Catarrhalis (9.1%), Haemophilus influenzae (9.1%), Staphylococcus Aureus (4.6%), Klebsiella species (4.6%), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (4.6%). There was 88.2% bacteriological cure and patients responded fast, with no major adverse reactions. Roxithromycin is therefore concluded to be an effective well tolerated drug for treatment of respiratory tract infections in Nigerians.
 ...
PMID:Open clinical trial of roxithromycin in patients of Plateau Hospitals, Jos in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 863 30


1 2 Next >>