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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefixime activity has been determined against Haemophilus influenzae strains producing or not beta-lactamase, or resistant to ampicillin by non-enzymatic mechanism. All strains are inhibited by a concentration of 1 mg/l of cefixime independently of beta-lactamase secretion. Ampicillin-resistant non beta-lactamase producing strains are inhibited by concentrations of 0.12 - 1 mg/l. MIC50 and MIC90 were, respectively, 0.06 and 0.12 mg/l for ampicillin-susceptible strains and 0.12 and 0.12 mg/l for ampicillin-resistant strains. The activity of cefixime against Haemophilus influenzae was superior to that of other orally administered antibiotics tested in this study: amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefaclor and cefuroxime.
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PMID:[In vitro effect of cefixime against Haemophilus influenzae]. 253 May 29

Cefixime was used in the treatment of 59 patients, 44 of whom had sinusitis, 9 otitis media and 6 various ENT infections. The clinical and bacteriological effectiveness of the drug could be evaluated in 44 patients and its safety in all 59 patients. The most common responsible pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae, streptococci including Streptococcus pneumoniae and various Enterobacteriaceae. In more than 50 per cent of the cases, the clinical picture was one of acute exacerbation of a chronic infection. The patients received cefixime 200 mg b.d. for a mean duration of 12 days. Clinical cure was achieved in 80 per cent. Fourteen out of 44 patients underwent surgery. Minor abdominal discomfort was reported by 15 per cent of the patients, and one discontinued therapy because of side-effects. Cefixime was effective and well tolerated. It is suitable for the treatment of ENT infections in adults, such as those treated in this study.
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PMID:[Efficacy and tolerability of cefixime in the treatment of otorhinolaryngeal infections in adults]. 253 May 44

Cefixime, previously designated FK027, FR17027 and CL284635, is an orally active cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity in vitro. It is particularly active against many Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis, and is resistant to hydrolysis by many beta-lactamases. Cefixime has little activity against Staphylococcus aureus and is inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefixime is distinguished by its 3-hour elimination half-life which permits twice daily, or in many instances once daily, administration. Comparative trials, though few, indicate that the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of cefixime 200 to 400mg daily administered as a single dose or in 2 divided doses, is comparable with that of multiple daily doses of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole) or amoxycillin in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection, with that of amoxycillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and cefaclor in acute lower respiratory tract infections, and with that of amoxycillin and cefroxidine in adult patients with acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis. Several comparative trials in children with acute otitis media demonstrate the similar effectiveness of cefixime 8 mg/kg daily (in 2 divided doses, or as a single daily dose), cefaclor 20 to 40 mg/kg daily and amoxycillin 40 mg/kg daily in 3 divided doses. The most frequently reported adverse effects, diarrhoea and stool changes, are usually mild to moderate in severity, transient, and mostly occur in the first few days of treatment with cefixime. Thus, cefixime is an effective orally active cephalosporin with a relatively long elimination half-life permitting a simplified treatment regimen. It is a suitable alternative to cefaclor or amoxycillin in acute otitis media and acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and to amoxycillin or co-trimoxazole in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
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PMID:Cefixime. A review of its antibacterial activity. Pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. 268 93

The in-vitro activity of cefixime was studied with clinical isolates and compared with that of other agents. Cefixime exhibited good activity against the Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including beta-lactamase producing strains. Activity was also high against Streptococcus pneumoniae and group A and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci. Staphylococcus aureus, faecal streptococci, anaerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not susceptible. Activity against susceptible isolates was comparable to cefotaxime and was normally superior to cefuroxime, cephalexin and amoxycillin. The pharmacokinetics of cefixime were studied in six healthy male volunteers, each receiving a 400 mg oral dose following an overnight fast. Tissue penetration of the antibiotic was estimated with a cantharides-induced blister method. The mean serum elimination half-life was 3.8 h, the mean peak concentration was 3.7 mg/l. Penetration into tissue fluid was rather slow [Tmax 6.7 h) but percentage penetration was high (132.6%). Urinary excretion was low with a 24 h recovery rate of less than 20%, though the concentrations achieved in urine exceeded the MICs of most common urinary tract pathogens for up to 24 h post-dose.
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PMID:Cefixime, in-vitro activity, pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration. 270 80

Cefixime, a new third generation cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use, was evaluated for safety and efficacy in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with effusion. Fifteen United States clinical investigators participated in the multicenter clinical trial. One hundred twenty children were randomly assigned to a 10-day course of either cefixime, 8 mg/kg, given daily (qd) (60 patients) or amoxicillin, 40 mg/kg/day, administered in three divided doses (60 patients). Tympanocentesis was performed on each patient before therapy was initiated. Pathogens were isolated from a middle ear aspirate in 88% of the cases. Of the specimens from which pathogens were cultured, 33% yielded Haemophilus sp., 41% Streptococcus pneumoniae and 6% Branhamella catarrhalis. Of the 120 patients, 64 (30 cefixime and 34 amoxicillin) were evaluable for assessment of efficacy. Favorable clinical responses (cure or improvement) were obtained in 93% of cefixime-treated patients and in 94% of amoxicillin-treated patients. Overall, bacteriologic eradication rates (as determined by clinical criteria) were 94 and 95%, respectively. Clinical failure or relapse was documented in 2 of 30 (7%) patients treated with cefixime and in 2 of 34 (6%) patients treated with amoxicillin. Gastrointestinal disturbance and rash were significantly more common in children treated with cefixime (22 and 15%, respectively) than in those taking amoxicillin (8 and 2%, respectively), but in only one case was it necessary to discontinue medication because of these adverse effects (rash). Results of this study demonstrate that cefixime given once daily is as safe and effective as amoxicillin in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children and has the possible advantage of less frequent dosing.
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PMID:Randomized, open label, multicenter trial of cefixime compared with amoxicillin for treatment of acute otitis media with effusion. 332 Sep 28

One hundred isolates of Haemophilus influenzae including 50 beta-lactamase producing, five ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase producing and five beta-lactam tolerant strains were tested for susceptibility (MICs and MBCs) to ampicillin, aztreonam, carumonam, cefixime, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefotaxime, imipenem, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole, by a microdilution broth method. Cefotaxime, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin with MIC90 and MBC90 of less than 0.03 mg/l) were the most active antimicrobial agents tested. Cefixime, carumonam, aztreonam, and co-trimoxazole (MIC90 and MBC90 less than 0.25 mg/l) showed good activity against most strains. Roxithromycin and erythromycin had limited antibacterial activity (MIC90, 8 and 4 mg/l respectively). There were no chloramphenicol-resistant strains. Five beta-lactamase-negative strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefaclor and cefamandole but susceptible to other beta-lactams tested. Different patterns of tolerance were observed: four of five tolerant strains were tolerant to ampicillin and cefamandole, three to cefixime, cefaclor and cefotaxime, one to aztreonam. One tolerant strain was a beta-lactamase producer. Two other strains were tolerant only to co-trimoxazole.
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PMID:Comparative bactericidal activity of cefixime, carumonam, enoxacin and roxithromycin with those of other antibiotics against resistant Haemophilus influenzae including beta-lactam tolerant strains. 350 22

The spectrum of antibacterial activity of cefixime was defined by reviewing data from two multicenter studies and three independent studies that we performed within the past 3 years. Microdilution tests were performed with 16,016 bacterial isolates. An isolate was considered susceptible to cefixime if the minimal inhibitory concentration was less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml and resistant if the minimal inhibitory concentration was greater than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml. Cefixime was effective against the Enterobacteriaceae (87.7% susceptible to 1.0 microgram/ml) as well as against pathogenic Neisseria spp. (including penicillin-resistant gonococci), Haemophilus influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant strains), penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Streptococcus species (minimal concentration inhibiting 90% of organisms less than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/ml). Species resistant to cefixime included penicillin-resistant pneumococci, Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Listeria spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
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PMID:Cefixime: spectrum of antibacterial activity against 16,016 clinical isolates. 369 35

Cefixime is a new orally absorbed iminomethoxy, aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. It inhibits the majority, 90%, of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at concentrations less than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/ml. It inhibits 90% of the other members of the Enterobacteriaceae at concentrations less than 1 microgram/ml, with the exception of some strains of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii and Morganella morganii, Cefixime does not inhibit enterococci, Listeria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides spp. or staphylococci. In general, cefixime has in vitro activity superior to cephalexin, cephradine, cefadroxil and cefaclor against all bacteria with the exception of staphylococci. Cefixime is not destroyed by most of the common plasmid and chromosomal beta-lactamases and its activity is not reduced by serum, blood or urine. Cefixime overall has excellent in vitro activity against the commonly encountered respiratory and urinary tract pathogens.
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PMID:In vitro activity of a new broad spectrum, beta-lactamase-stable oral cephalosporin, cefixime. 369 36

The ability of cefixime or amoxicillin to eradicate causative pathogens was evaluated in 140 infants and children with acute otitis media with effusion. When pretherapy and on-therapy bacteriologic cultures were used, success was defined as elimination of pathogens regardless of clinical improvement. Parent compliance with administration instructions was closely monitored. Cefixime was administered daily or twice daily and because results on the two dosage regimens did not differ, data were combined for analysis. Results suggested that cefixime was somewhat more effective than amoxicillin for acute otitis media with effusion caused by Haemophilus influenzae but less effective for infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The study agents were equally effective against Branhamella catarrhalis.
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PMID:Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of cefixime compared with amoxicillin in acute otitis media. 369 39

Cefixime is an orally active third generation cephalosporin with in vitro antibacterial activity against most important lower respiratory pathogens. The drug is active against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae but not Staphylococcus aureus. Cefixime has a long elimination half-life (3 hours compared with 0.5 hours for cefaclor and 1.5 hours for cefalexin), which allows once daily administration. Several trials have established the clinical efficacy of the drug in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). In comparative studies cefixime had similar efficacy to amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefalexin, cefuroxime axetil and clarithromycin. Trials evaluating the efficacy of cefixime as the oral component of intravenous to oral switch therapy have produced promising preliminary results although further carefully designed trials are needed in this area. As with certain other drugs of its class, gastrointestinal disturbances are the most frequently reported adverse events in patients taking cefixime and cases of pseudomembranous colitis have been reported. Thus, cefixime is an effective treatment for mild to moderate LRTI and may have a role as the oral component of intravenous to oral switch therapy although further well designed studies are needed to confirm initial favourable results in this important emerging area of antibacterial therapy.
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PMID:Cefixime. A review of its therapeutic efficacy in lower respiratory tract infections. 764


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