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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) was extracted from Haemophilus influenzae type b by using Westphal's phenol water method. The ears of 40 adult male guinea pigs were subsequently inoculated with 10 micrograms/ml solutions of LPS by transmeatal injections. Groups of animals were then sacrificed from day 2 to day 24 after the injections to observe the pathological changes produced. Massive serous effusions filled the tympanic bullae on days 2 and 4, after which the amount of fluid present gradually decreased so that it could hardly be seen on day 11. Pathological changes found in the mucosa included marked interstitial edema, dilated capillaries, as well as elevated and thickened epithelium with intracellular edema. These findings gradually subsided by day 24. We believe that the major pathogenetic factors present were due to the transudation and injury of the middle ear epithelium disturbing mucociliary transport activity, with increased secretions participating somewhat in inducing the effusion. We further suggest that H. influenzae endotoxin may play an active role in the clinical development of otitis media with effusion.
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PMID:Otitis media with effusion following inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b endotoxin. 348 52

A model of experimental lapin meningitis was used to assess the effect of meningeal inflammation caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b on development of brain edema, increase in intracranial pressure, and production of brain lactate. Four treatments were assessed: dexamethasone alone, dexamethasone plus ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone alone, and no treatment. The brain water content in untreated rabbits with meningitis was 419 +/- 10 g of H2O/100g of dry weight after 29 hr of infection (vs. 405 +/- 14 in uninfected rabbits; P less than .05). In rabbits treated with dexamethasone, dexamethasone plus ceftriaxone, or ceftriaxone alone, these values were 404 +/- 12, 406 +/- 12, and 411 +/- 14 g, respectively (P greater than .05). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and lactate levels were significantly increased in all animals during the 24 hr of meningeal inflammation (P less than .005), and these levels were comparably reduced after 9 hr of treatment. Although the values for brain water content, CSF pressure, and lactate concentrations in infected animals treated with ceftriaxone plus dexamethasone were not significantly different from those in animals treated with ceftriaxone alone, the values were consistently lower in the former group.
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PMID:Dexamethasone in the treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. 349 70

The present investigation has revealed that in mice, immunized with preparation HC-4 (an immunostimulating agent consisting of water-soluble antigenic complexes obtained from 4 opportunistic microorganisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus, Proteus and Escherichia coli K-100 having a common antigen with Haemophilus influenzae) and challenged with K. pneumoniae culture on day 7 after immunization, the complete elimination of K. pneumoniae from the blood occurs within 24 hours. The subcutaneous immunization of rabbits with the above preparation leads to a significant increase in antibody titers, determined in the passive hemagglutination test with Klebsiella diagnosticum. The test of the passive protection of mice from Klebsiella sepsis has revealed a rise in the preventive activity of the sera of rabbits immunized with this preparation.
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PMID:[Elimination of Klebsiella pneumoniae and humoral immunity in immunization with the IS-4 immunostimulating mixture]. 351 7

An Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate has been prepared. The polysaccharide was coupled to the serotype II protein of group B meningococcus through the spacer 6-aminocaproic acid using cyanogen bromide and water soluble carbodiimide. The conjugate can be shown to be reproducible and is stable and highly immunogenic in mice and African green monkeys. Clinical evaluation of this conjugate in children 3 months to 4 years of age showed that it elicited an antibody titer to the polysaccharide moiety greater than 1000 ng/ml in children 8 months of age or older.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. 354 38

The lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae are an antigenically heterogeneous group of macromolecules. Immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition studies with phenol-water-extracted LOS and absorbed antisera specific for the oligosaccharide portion of the LOS identified six LOS strain-specific antigens. To facilitate screening large numbers of strains to search for LOS antigenic heterogeneity, a system utilizing proteinase K whole cell digests in Western blots was developed. Seventy-two nontypable H. influenzae LOS extracts were analyzed in this Western blot assay. Thirty-seven of these extracts could be segregated into 10 antigenically distinct LOS groups based on immunologic recognition by one or more of the rabbit antisera. Thirty-five of the strains did not contain these LOS antigens. These results demonstrate that antigenic differences exist among the LOS of nontypable H. influenzae strains, and this heterogeneity has the potential to be used to establish an LOS-based serogrouping system.
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PMID:Antigenic diversity of lipooligosaccharides of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. 354 63

A smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (HpS-LPS), a rough-type lipopolysaccharide (HpR-LPS), and a capsular-enriched polysaccharide preparation (HpC-PS) were extracted and purified from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, strain J45, by the use of phenol-water (HpS-LPS) and phenol-chloroform-petroleum-ether (HpR-LPS) techniques. Chemical analysis of the HpS-LPS and HpR-LPS indicated that they contained 0.7% and 4.4% (w/w) 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, 11.8% and 10.4% phosphate, 0.8% and 0.8% nucleic acid, and 0.8% and 1.1% protein, respectively. The HpC-PS contained 0.3% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, 1.4% phosphate, 0.2% nucleic acid, and 0.8% protein. With sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the HpS-LPS banded as a smooth-type LPS and the HpR-LPS banded as a rough-type LPS. Electrophoresis of HpC-PS indicated the presence of a broad high molecular weight band. Gelation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate developed at a minimum concentration of 8 ng/ml of HpS-LPS, 0.3 ng/ml of HpR-LPS, and 35 ng/ml of HpC-PS. The lipopolysaccharide preparations provoked a positive dermal Shwartzman reaction in rabbits and swine, a biphasic febrile response in rabbits, and a monophasic response in swine. Responses were typical of endotoxic activity with swine having greater sensitivity than rabbits. The chick embryo 50% lethal dose was calculated to be 7.3 ng for HpS-LPS, 1.6 ng for HpR-LPS, 5.1 ng for the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 0111:B4; and the HpC-PS was not toxic. In all assays, HpR-LPS was significantly more toxic than was HpS-LPS. The HpC-PS preparation was not toxic, even at high concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Isolation and biological characterization of two lipopolysaccharides and a capsular-enriched polysaccharide preparation from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. 374 Jun 12

Major outer membrane antigens, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), from nontypable Haemophilus influenzae were characterized and examined as targets for complement-dependent human bactericidal antibodies. Outer membranes from two nontypable H. influenzae isolates that caused otitis media and pneumonia (middle ear and transtracheal aspirates) were prepared by shearing organisms in EDTA. These membranes were compared with membranes prepared independently by spheroplasting and lysozyme treatment of whole cells and found to have: similar sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of the proteins; identical densities (rho = 1.22 g/cm3); and minimal d-lactose dehydrogenase activity indicating purity from cytoplasmic membranes. Outer membranes were solubilized in an LPS-disaggregating buffer and proteins were separated from LPS by molecular sieve chromatography. The SDS-PAGE patterns of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from the two strains differed in the major band although other prominent bands appeared similar in molecular weight. LPS prepared by hot phenol water extraction of each of the strains contained 45% (pneumonia isolate) and 60% (otitis isolate) lipid (wt/wt), 49% and 50% carbohydrate (wt/wt), respectively, and less than 1%, 3-deoxy-manno octulosonic acid. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) purified from normal human serum (NHS) plus complement was bactericidal for both strains. Purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) from NHS killed the middle ear isolate and immune convalescent IgM from the serum of the patient with pneumonia killed his isolate. NHS or convalescent serum were absorbed with OMPs and LPS (0.6-110 micrograms) from each of the strains and immune specific inhibition of bactericidal antibody activity by each antigen was determined. OMPs from the pulmonary isolate inhibited bactericidal antibody activity directed against the isolate in both NHS (1.5 microgram of antigen) and immune serum (0.75 microgram of antigen). OMPs (60 micrograms) from the ear isolate also inhibited bactericidal activity in the respective immune serum. LPSs exhibited minimal inhibition (greater than 110 micrograms). Three human sera (two normal, one immune) were selectively depleted of 80% of antibody activity against OMPs (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) by affinity chromatography using OMPs from the pulmonary isolate coupled to a solid phase. These OMP antibody-depleted sera also showed an 88% reduction of bactericidal activity against this strain. Immunopurified antibody against OMPs eluted from the solid phase was bactericidal.
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PMID:Characterization of antigens from nontypable Haemophilus influenzae recognized by human bactericidal antibodies. Role of Haemophilus outer membrane proteins. 387 75

Studies were done on clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae to investigate viability and determine the effects of disc-agar diffusion (DAD) medium modification on antimicrobial susceptibility results. Most isolates were viable for two days in distilled water, up to a week on chocolate agar and months when frozen in skim milk at -70 degrees C. Differences in viability were not related to biotype, serotype, beta-lactamase production or site of isolation of isolates. Several medium modifications resulted in better growth of isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by DAD, but the zone sizes of inhibition differed from those of the recommended medium.
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PMID:Viability and growth of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. 387 20

A phenol-water extract from Haemophilus influenzae type a was hydrolyzed to decrease the toxicity without affecting the antigenicity of the preparation. We used partial hydrolysis for 15 h with ion exchangers in the presence of chloroform. The lipid fraction was collected into the organic solvent. The preparation obtained from the aqueous solution was designated the polysaccharide fraction. Rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine were the major components of the polysaccharide fraction, and their molar ratios were determined by gas-liquid chromatography; 2.5% myristic acid was also found in the polysaccharide fraction. The mild hydrolysis of the polysaccharide fraction for 15 h caused a marked reduction in toxicity (50% lethal dose, 183 +/- 9 microgram/kg) and pyrogenicity. The generalized Sanarelli reaction was negative. The local Shwartzman phenomenon was not observed if chloroform and Dowex were exchanged three times during hydrolysis. Most of the antigenic components remained active after the hydrolytic process. The polysaccharide fraction could also induce the formation of circulating antibodies in rabbits and also increase the phagocytic process against H. influenzae from month 2 to 6.
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PMID:Preparation of a nontoxic and immunogenic polysaccharide fraction from a Haemophilus influenzae phenol-water extract. 615 11

Three grams of amoxycillin administered twice daily for seven days, as an oral powder (Amoxil 3G sachets, Bencard) dispersed in water, to 17 patients with bronchiectasis resulted in striking clinical, spirometric and bacteriological improvement in 11 of 12 patients who were producing purulent sputum from which Haemophilus influenzae was cultured by a selective bacteriological technique (Roberts & Cole, 1980). In the five patients from whose sputum this organism could not be cultured, and in one from whom it could, there was no improvement. Untoward effects were limited to nausea in one patient and acceptability of the regimen by the remaining patients was unanimous. There was no evidence of accumulation of the drug in serum or sputum. The rapidity of effect and oral form of the treatment suggest that it may provide a simple out-patient regimen for chronic bronchial sepsis and severe purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis from which H. influenzae can be cultured.
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PMID:A simple oral antimicrobial regimen effective in severe chronic bronchial suppuration associated with culturable Haemophilus influenzae. 660 Nov 2


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