Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vaccines have given health care providers control over a substantial portion of the morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Global efforts have immunized two-thirds of the world's children with DTP and polio vaccines; 72% have received BCG and 59% measles vaccine; but only 29% of pregnant women have received two doses of tetanus toxoid. In addition, vaccines against yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B, rubella, and mumps and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine are being used in specific regions of the world. New vaccine candidates will enhance the vaccine armamentarium over the next decade to include the causes of pneumonia, diarrhea, and meningitis: Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal and meningococcal protein conjugate vaccines, typhoid and rotavirus vaccine. Genetically engineered vaccine vehicles, genetic reassortants, and genetic deletions are being investigated as new vaccine candidates.
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PMID:Vaccine-preventable disease and immunization in the developing world. 219 Jan 45

The french calendar of vaccinations is devised by the General Directorate of Health (Technical Committee of Vaccinations, High Council of Hygiene) and is regularly updated. The 1990 calendar has recently been published. Primary combined immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and pertussis has been brought forward from 3 to 2 months for better prevention of pertussis in young infants. BCG remains mandatory and can be administered in the first days of life without any risk of failure. Immunization against measles, mumps and rubella is performed between the ages of 12 and 15 months and has recently been the object of a national promotional program. The timetable must be respected to reach the national and international objectives which are to maintain a high degree of vaccinal cover in order to eradicate viral diseases with human reservoir, i.e. poliomyelitis, rubella, measles and mumps. In the near future, the calendar will be improved by the advent of a vaccine against Haemophilus B and, perhaps, an acellular pertussis vaccine. As it is possible to leave long intervals between the various vaccinations and vaccinal associations, this calendar can easily be applied to infants and catching up is facilitated.
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PMID:[Vaccination schedule, present and future]. 228 Dec 64

Stability problems in relation to bacterial vaccines vary widely between different types of product. Killed whole cell bacterial vaccines including pertussis, cholera and typhoid vaccines generally show a high degree of stability of potency. Reversion to toxicity may occur in incompletely inactivated pertussis vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines such as BCG and Ty21a typhoid vaccines lose potency through loss of viability when exposed to adverse conditions. Both vaccines are susceptible to ultra violet radiation but Ty21a also has low thermal stability. Its fragility is probably a consequence of multiple mutations affecting structural and metabolic factors. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids generally show high stability of potency. Reversion to toxicity may occur if the toxoiding process is inadequate. Decline in potency may result from exposure to adverse conditions, such as freezing, that affect the interaction with the adjuvant. Similar problems may be encountered with purified subunit vaccines such as acellular pertussis preparations. Some components, in particular pertussis toxin and filamentous haemagglutinin, show inherent low stability and degrade on storage at refrigerator temperatures unless stabilized by a protein cross-linking agent. Bacterial proteases carried over from the cell cultures may also be responsible for degradation of purified components. Purified bacterial polysaccharides usually show high stability if freeze-dried under appropriate conditions. Catalytic degradation may occur however, if the stabilizers are of inadequate purity. Polysaccharide-protein conjugates such as Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) polyribosylribityl phosphate-protein conjugates show high thermal stability if freeze dried. In the liquid state, such conjugates tend to degrade by hydrolysis of the polysaccharide chains. Combined vaccines may present special stability problems because of the interaction of the various components in the liquid state. It can be difficult to freeze-dry some components of such vaccines, particularly aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) components. Slow release vaccines based on polyglycolide-factolide microspheres may show suboptimal stability of encapsulated antigen under both in vitro conditions as a result of gradual acidification through polymer hydrolysis. Vaccines based on the use of live recombinant strains to express heterologous protective antigens may present special stability problems. Apart from the carrier strains, heterologous genes carried on plasmids may be subject to spontaneous deletion under adverse conditions. These issues have received relatively little attention hitherto but are likely to achieve greater prominence as development of such preparations proceeds.
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PMID:Reasons for instability of bacterial vaccines. 885 8

In March 1999 armed conflict broke out in Kosova and about 900,000 ethnic Albanians were displaced. We reviewed the health care offered to the 945 Kosovan refugees who arrived in Ireland in 1999, which included screening for tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis B. On arrival in Ireland 540 refugees had already received oral polio vaccine (57%), 512 diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis or diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (54%), 310 BCG (33%), 207 measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (22%) and 60 Haemophilus influenzae type b (6%). Twelve refugees were diagnosed with TB. Twenty-six refugees were HBsAg positive (3%) and 168 were anti-HBcAg positive (18%). Organised screening of Kosovan refugees on a voluntary basis (uptake > 95%) revealed low percentages who had been immunised and relatively high rates of TB and hepatitis B. The provision of optimum immunisation, screening, and treatment services to address these issues requires substantial staffing and financial resources.
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PMID:Outcome of medical screening of Kosovan refugees in Ireland: 1999. 1128 Feb 62

Immunization may prevent an enhanced risk of infectious diseases, providing that it is completed on time. A review of the literature summarizes several studies on effectiveness, safety and duration of protection in preterm infants. Immune maturation depends on chronological age rather than gestational age. Then immunization against diphteria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae b should be initiated at 2 months of age and completed prior than 6 months. The youngest preterm infants, still hospitalized at 8 weeks of age should be monitored following the first immunization as they may develop apnea episodes, probably linked with the pertussis component of the vaccine. In premature, BCG vaccination induces a delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin less important than in full-term neonates, and should not be given right after birth in newborns less than 33 weeks of gestational age. Hepatitis B vaccination should be offered as soon as two months of age and even at birth to children born from HBs Ag carriers. Neither duration of immunity, nor safety are modified by prematurity.
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PMID:[Efficacy and tolerance of vaccinations in premature infants]. 1210 19

Children with sickle cell anemia are more exposed to infection than healthy children. Indeed, infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell anemia, especially those aged 6 months to 5 years. Phagocytosis is reduced in these children. Polynuclear neutrophils reveal various poorly understood irregularities and are associated with a reduction of phagocytic power: zinc deficiency, reduced post-phagocytic oxidative metabolism, and a prevalence of neutrophils not forming red sheep-like globule carriers of immunoglobulin H. The power of the antibody which renders germs susceptible to phagocytosis in the serum is reduced in sickle cell patients. This may be tied to a disorder in the alternate complementary route with reduction of C3 and properdin. Sequestration of sickle cell-shaped red blood cells, splenic congestion, and short circuits of important functional territories contribute to spleen dysfunction, which occurs early. Common pathogens attacking sickle cell patients are pneumococci, salmonella species, and Haemophilus influenzae. They cause very grave infections (e.g., septicemia and purulent meningitis). Prevention of infections dwells on three perspectives: early screening for sickle cell anemia and for spleen dysfunction, preventive penicillin therapy, and vaccination. In Benin, vaccination is the only means to prevent infections. Essential vaccinations for children with sickle cell anemia include BCG, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, polio, and Rouvax. Strongly recommended vaccinations are Pneumovax 23, HEVAC B, TAB, vaccine against H. influenzae, and vaccine against mumps. A vaccine calendar for children with sickle cell anemia guides health workers when they must administer the vaccines and their boosters over a six year period. It is not yet universal in health facilities in Benin. A short- and long-term evaluation of the calendar's efficacy would allow one to appreciate its real impact on reducing morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell anemia.
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PMID:[Prevention of infectious diseases in the drepanocytic child]. 1229 Jan 82

Summarized in this article are the major recommendations of the Fourteenth Meeting of the Caribbean Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) Managers held in Castries, Saint Lucia, in November 1997. The emphasis of the meeting was surveillance of measles, poliomyelitis, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. Although the English-speaking Caribbean has been free of indigenous measles transmission for 6 years and global eradication of poliomyelitis is achievable, the risk of disease importation remains. Average immunization coverage rates for all 19 countries in the Caribbean region were: DPT, 89%; OPV, 89%; measles-containing vaccine, 92%; and BCG, 95%. Pockets of low coverage remain in remote rural areas and dense urban areas and immunization rates are below 90% in Suriname, Grenada, Guyana, and Belize. Two new vaccines--hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b--are being administered by the private sector in the English-speaking Caribbean and will be available through the public sector within 3 years. Many Caribbean countries have already developed surveillance systems for adverse events following immunizations.
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PMID:Caribbean meeting stresses surveillance. 1229 6

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to make an analysis of the dynamics of the imunization schedule and an updating of the practical aspects of the vaccination. METHODS: The authors, based on the official recommendations, in the imunization schedule of the Infectology Department of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and on their experience, present practical aspects to facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of application of the calendar. RESULTS: The current calendar of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP) is presented with a practical analysis of the vaccines BCG, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), DPT and triple viral, which are also part of the Calendar of the National Program of Immunizations. Besides this, they analyze two other suitable vaccines for SBP, against varicella and hepatitis A. Finally they comment on the risk of urbanization of the yellow fever and the increasing indication of vaccination against this disease in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The imunization schedule should be dynamic, adapted to the epidemiologic characteristics of each country or place. The presented calendar is what is now recommended by the Infectology Department of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP).
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PMID:[Immunization schedule: dynamics and updating] 1468 92

An essential role for zinc in development of the fetal immune system has been documented. However, the effect of antenatal zinc supplementation on infants' postnatal immune response to vaccinations is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on immune response to the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) component of the combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP)-Haemophilus influenzae type-b (Hib)- conjugate vaccine in poor Bangladeshi infants. We immunized 405 infants whose mothers were supplemented daily with 30 mg elemental zinc or placebo beginning at 12-16 weeks gestation with the standard BCG vaccine at birth. A subcohort of 203 infants were in addition immunized at 1-month intervals with three doses of DTP-Hib vaccine starting at 9 weeks of age. The delayed hypersensitivity (PPD) skin test was performed in 345 infants at 24 weeks of age. Hib polysaccharide (PRP) antibodies were assessed for 91 infants at 4 and 24 weeks of age. In infants born with low birth weight (LBW) a lower proportion of negative responses to PPD skin test were observed in the zinc (66.2%) compared to placebo (78.5%) group (p = 0.07). No differences were observed in normal birth weight infants. There were no differences in proportion of infants above the protective thresholds for anti-PRP antibodies between zinc (81%) and placebo (89%) group. Geometric mean PRP antibody titres at 4 and 24 weeks of age were not different between groups. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy did not enhance immune response to Hib-conjugate vaccine but there was a suggestion of improved delayed hypersensitivity immune responses to BCG-vaccine in Bangladeshi LBW infants.
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PMID:The effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on immune response to Hib and BCG vaccines in Bangladesh. 1662 58

Respiratory tract infections are a major reason of antibiotic prescription. Some of these infections can be prevented by vaccination. In France, the main new data concerns the following vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae: besides the vaccine effectiveness H. influenzae b, that is a virulent capsulated strain, a polyvalent vaccine effective against non-capsulated strains, responsible for otitis media, is under development. Pneumococci: the conjugated heptavalent vaccine recommended for all infants in the USA since the year 2000 allowed a dramatic drop in the incidence of invasive infections and of otitis media due to pneumococci, with an indirect impact reducing the frequency of pneumonia in adults. Influenza: the vaccinal coverage remains insufficient in people targeted by recommendations, particularly in health care workers. New recommendations concern some travel agents, people living in close contact with infants at risk and women immediately after delivery of a newborn at risk. Pertussis: the vaccinal coverage of preadolescents is insufficient. Vaccination of adults is mainly recommended for people who are expected to be in close contact with newborns (health care workers, parents). Tuberculosis: BCG vaccination is no longer mandatory, but is now strongly recommended for all infants in the greater Paris area, French Guyana, and for all infants at risk, especially immigrants depending on their native country. Varicella: universal vaccination is not recommended. To prevent respiratory complications in adults, the vaccine is now recommended for all varicella naive teenagers.
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PMID:[Current data on vaccines for respiratory diseases]. 1872 26


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