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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In bacterial infections of the sinuses and the middle ear Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus are most frequently isolated, whereas in tonsillopharyngitis Streptococcus pyogenes is the most important pathogen. S. aureus is found in up to 40 % in acute and chronic sinusitis and causes severe complications in otitis media, therefore antibiotics used as empirical initial treatment should also be effective against this pathogen. To decrease duration of illness and to avoid serious complications antibiotic treatment of bacterial ENT-infections is necessary. The new ketolides and the third and fourth generation quinolones are very effective and the second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime axetil have proven excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy in numerous clinical trials combined with an excellent resistance pattern over the years. Efficacy of short course therapy (5 days) in sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis has been proven in clinical trials and is cost saving. In more severe infections treated in hospital sequential i. v./oral therapy offers pharmaco-economical benefits. Both regimen demonstrate cost savings while maintaining high clinical efficacy. In more severe infections like otitis externa diffusa, otitis externa maligna, otitis media chronica and perichondritis Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous pathogen that has to be covered by initial antibiotic treatment. Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime are widely used and effective. Ciprofloxacin resistance has increased, while Ceftazidime susceptibility is unchanged (> 90 %). A dose reduction study with ceftazidime in severe ENT-infections showed equivocal efficacy between 3 x 1 g and 3 x 2 g daily that offers a cost benefit of 50 %.
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PMID:[Current therapeutical management, new antibiotics and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial ENT-infections]. 1184 1

The in-vitro antibacterial activity of ceftazidime was assessed against recent clinical isolates of common bacteria and also against reference strains that produced known beta-lactamases. The compound was active, though less so than cephaloridine against staphylococci and streptococci with MICs mostly 0.12-2 mg/l for streptococci and 8 mg/l for staphylococci, but enterococci (MICs > or =64 mg/l) and methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MICs 16-32 mg/l) were resistant. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci (MICs 2-4 mg/l) were much less sensitive than other pneumococci (MICs 0.12-0.25 mg/l). Ceftazidime was also active, but slightly less so than cefotaxime or moxalactam, against enterobacteria (MICs mostly 0.12-0.25 mg/l). Its activity was also inferior to that of cefotaxime against Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MICs mostly 0.03-0.06 mg/l) and Haemophilus influenzae (MICs mostly 0.06-0.25 mg/l). However it was about eightfold more active than cefotaxime or moxalactam against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs mostly 1-4 mg/l), and it was also more active than these compounds against other pseudomonads. Ceftazidime was less active than cefoxitin against Bacteroides spp. (MICs mostly 16-64 mg/l for Bact. fragilis and 2-8 mg/l for other bacteroides) and less active than ampicillin or cefoxitin against other anaerobes. The compound was highly resistant to hydrolysis by most beta-lactamases including OXA-1 and the enzymes from Klebsiella 1082E and Proteus vulgaris PC37 which hydrolyse cefuroxime and cefotaxime. However, it was hydrolysed slowly by the enzyme from a highly ampicillin-resistant isolate of Bact. fragilis.
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PMID:Ceftazidime: in-vitro antibacterial activity and susceptibility to beta-lactamases compared with that of cefotaxime, moxalactam and other beta-lactam antibiotics. 1980 67

Ceftazidime showed moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and a high activity against Haemophilus influenzae and the streptococci except against the enterococci. Ceftazidime inhibited 90% of the 830 Enterobacteriaceae tested at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l and 99% at 8 mg/l, an activity very similar to that of cefotaxime. Against Pseudomonas spp. ceftazidime proved to be the most active beta-lactam antibiotic studied. It inhibited 67% of the 141 Ps. aeruginosa strains at 2 mg/l, 84% at 4 mg/l, 98% at 8 mg/l and 100% at 16 mg/l. The inhibitory and the bactericidal concentrations were very close and there was only a minor effect of the inoculum. Ceftazidime retained its high activity against microorganisms with acquired as well as with natural resistance to other beta-lactam antibiotics.
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PMID:Ceftazidime: comparative in-vitro study. 1980 71

The in-vitro qualities of ceftazidime, as compared to other beta-lactams and three other antimicrobials (amikacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol), were evaluated in a multilaboratory, multiphasic study in the United States. A total of 12,986 recent clinical isolates were tested by reference dilution methods in six medical centres over 45-60 days. Ceftazidime was superior to the comparison cephalosporin (cefamandole) and comparable in spectrum and activity to gentamicin against Enterobacteriaceae. Of 8038 enteric bacilli tested, over 98% had CTAZ MICs < or = 8 mg/l with a mode of < or = 0.12 mg/l. Only Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter aerogenes had ceftazidime MIC(90S) in the resistant range ( > or =32 mg/l). Staphylococcus aureus strains were less susceptible to ceftazidime (mode MIC 8 mg/l) compared to cefamandole or gentamicin. Ceftazidime was more effective than cefamandole or gentamicin against the beta-haemolytic streptococci and the pneumococcus. More than 90% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, most other Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. were inhibited by ceftazidime at concentrations of 8 mg/l. In other comparative studies ceftazidime was found remarkably similar in spectrum to cefotaxime, cefoperazone and moxalactam against the Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci and Streptococcus spp. Enterobacter cloacae was the only enteric species having ceftazidime MIC90 >8 mg/l. Only cefsulodin (mode MIC 2 mg/l) and cefoperazone (mode MIC 4 mg/l) shared the ceftazidime activity against Ps. aeruginosa. Ceftazidime MIC(50S) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase producers) were 0.03-0.06 and 0.015 mg/l, respectively. Ceftazidime was found to be bactericidal against most strains at or one doubling dilution above the MIC, and was relatively unaffected by increasing inoculum concentration (some strain variations). It perfused readily into bacterial cells and was effective against the majority of strains resistant to currently available cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. beta-lactamases of Types I-V and Bacillus cereus failed to significantly hydrolyse ceftazidime. Ceftazidime inhibited only Type I Ent. cloacae beta-lactamase hydrolysis. Disc diffusion tests favour the use of a 30 microg ceftazidime disc for the methods described by the National Committee Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Quality control data are presented. Tentative 30 microg disc interpretive criteria, based on susceptible MICs of < or =8 mg/l(> 17 mm) and resistant > or =32 mg/l ( < or =13 mm), resulted in < 1% (false resistance or false susceptible) interpretive error rates. Staph. aureus was the species most commonly found to have strains with indeterminate ceftazidime zones or MICs. We found ceftazidime to possess one of the widest clinically usable antimicrobial spectrum by in-vitro testing of any beta-lactam tested and to be most comparable to broad-spectrum aminoglycosides such as amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin.
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PMID:Ceftazidime, a pseudomonas-active cephalosporin: in-vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation including recommendations for disc diffusion susceptibility tests. 1980 85

Ceftazidime is active in vitro against Haemophilus influenzae. When given to infant rats in a dose of 25 mg/kg ceftazidime achieved a mean peak blood concentration of 31.8 mg/l and a mean trough concentration at 3 h of 25 mg/l during steady state. Blood half-life of ceftazidime was 1.3 h. Mean CSF penetration of ceftazidime was 22.8% of blood levels, independent of the presence or absence of meningitis. Infant rats with meningitis due to beta-lactamase negative and beta-lactamase positive H. influenzae strains had decreased CSF bacterial counts 8 h after a single 25 mg/kg dose and, without additional therapy, 45% of animals maintained negative cultures.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ceftazidime in experimental Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis. 1980 11

A total of 1414 strains of Gram-negative bacilli and 250 strains of Gram-positive cocci were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth dilution method. The strains were clinical isolates from 26 hospitals in the Rhein-Main area. All the strains were tested against ceftazidime and ten other cephalosporin antibiotics. Ceftazidime was found to exhibit an in-vitro activity against Enterobacteriaceae similar to that of cefotaxime, moxalactam and other new members of the cephalosporin class, but was more active against Acinetobacter species. Ceftazidime shows extremely high activity both against carbenicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, ampicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae are susceptible to ceftazidime. The activity of ceftazidime against Staphylococcus aureus is limited and, like other cephalosporins, it is inactive against Streptococcus faecalis.
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PMID:The in-vitro activity of ceftazidime against clinically important pathogens. 1981 Jan 67

Ceftazidime and ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904), two new parenteral cephalosporins, were compared with other beta-lactam antibiotics against a total of 237 recent clinical isolates. Both ceftazidime and ceftriaxone had good activity against the Enterobacteriaceae, with 90% of isolates being inhibited by 0.5 mg/l of ceftazidime and by 0.25 mg/l of ceftriaxone. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ceftazidime was about four times more active than ceftriaxone which, in turn, was at least eight times more active than carbenicillin. Both ceftazidime and ceftriaxone were highly active against beta-lactamase producing and non-beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae. Against the Bacteroides fragilis group, neither ceftazidime nor ceftriaxone showed good activity, the MIC90 for ceftazidime being > 128 mg/l and the MIC90 for ceftriaxone being 32 mg/l. Both ceftazidime and ceftriaxone were less active than cephalothin against Staphylococcus aureus.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of ceftazidime compared with other beta-lactam antibiotics. 1981 Jan 69

Purpose: To report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in an immunocompetent host.Case report: A 13-year-old male presented with pain, blurriness, and decreased Visual Acuity (VA) of Hand Motion in his right eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed hypopyon. Fundoscopy showed vitritis, vasculitis, and retinal infiltrates. Echography revealed vitreous condensations. Empirical treatment with intravitreal Ganciclovir, oral Valacyclovir, and Dexamethasone was initiated with no improvement. Vitreous culture revealed Haemophilus influenzae growth. Then, intravenous Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime and intravitreal Ceftazidime were administered with gradual improvement. Lensectomy with Pars Plana Vitrectomy and intraocular tamponade was performed. Nevertheless, the visual outcome was poor.Conclusion: Pediatric endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis is a rare but potentially devastating infection which is often misdiagnosed. Moreover, we want to highlight the importance of an adequate clinical suspicion in cases of H. influenzae to prevent the serious complications seen in this report.
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PMID:Haemophilus Influenzae Endogenous Endophthalmitis in an Immunocompetent Host. 3264 89


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