Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Third-generation cephalosporins are important additions to the range of antibiotics available for treating children with serious bacterial infections. They are highly active against the common pathogens, which cause bacterial meningitis in children. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol, and Streptococcus pneumoniae relatively resistant to penicillin remain susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, as well as the other more common gram-negative bacilli isolated from neonates and children are susceptible to these agents. However, Listeria monocytogenes is not cephalosporin-sensitive. Ceftazidime is the only third-generation cephalosporin useful for treating serious infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children. As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, the clearance of cephalosporins is prolonged in neonates, particularly premature babies. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are equivalent to ampicillin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children over two to three months of age with respect to neurologic outcome and safety, despite the in vitro activity of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone being much greater than the standard antibiotics for the meningeal pathogens. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are effective in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections in children. In many instances, ceftriaxone can be administered once daily, which allows for more convenient therapy, particularly on an outpatient basis. Although controversial, ceftazidime has been used as single-agent therapy for empiric treatment of neutropenic immunocompromised children with fever.
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PMID:Serious pediatric infections. 218 5

Ceftazidime (CAZ) was administered to 51 patients (37 males, 14 females) with respiratory infections including severe cases, accompanied by various underlying respiratory diseases. The clinical efficacy and side effects of CAZ were investigated. The mean age and body weight of these 51 cases were 62.6 years and 48.0 kg, respectively. CAZ was administered by intravenous drip infusion (daily dose of 2-4 g) for a mean of 14.7 days to a mean total dose of 56.7 g. Clinical efficacy rates were 64% (18 of 28 cases), 80% (16 of 20 cases) and 67% (2 of 3 cases) for airway and intermediary regional infections, pneumonia (including lung abscess) and pyothorax, respectively. In the bacteriological study, efficacy rates and bacterial eradication rates were 69% and 67%, 33% and 20%, 100% and 100%, and 100% and 100% for infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (6 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6 cases) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 cases), respectively, and bacterial eradication was achieved in both of 2 cases of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 2 cases of Haemophilus influenzae, and 1 case each of Peptococcus sp., Fusobacterium necrophorum and Serratia marcescens. Side effects observed were eruption in 1 case (2%) and elevated GOT, GPT and Al-P values in 1 case (2%), but these cases tended to recover after CAZ treatment was discontinued.
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PMID:[A clinical study on ceftazidime in the treatment of intractable respiratory infections]. 223 47

Cefepime (BMY 28142) was compared with ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and moxalactam for efficacy in treating experimental meningitis in mice and neonatal rats. Mice were infected intracranially with Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and treated intramuscularly. Five- to eight-day-old neonatal rats were injected intracisternally with Haemophilus influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and S. agalactiae and treated intraperitoneally. Cefepime was found to be the most active compound against induced meningitis in mice infected with S. agalactiae. Cefepime was as active as cefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus meningitis, slightly more active than cefotaxime against S. pneumoniae and E. coli, and as active as ceftazidime against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa meningitis. Cefepime was found to be the most active compound against S. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae meningitis in neonatal rats. Against H. influenzae, cefepime was as active as moxalactam and cefotaxime. Ceftazidime was the least active compound. The pharmacokinetics of cefepime in neonatal rats were similar to those of ceftazidime. Both compounds penetrated well into cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues of uninfected neonatal rats. Relative concentrations were twice as high as those of cefotaxime and moxalactam.
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PMID:Therapeutic studies of cefepime (BMY 28142) in murine meningitis and pharmacokinetics in neonatal rats. 236 Aug 14

The in-vitro activity of BMY 28142, an iminomethoxy, aminothiazolyl cephalosporin containing a methyl pyrrolidinio C-3 was compared with that of cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem and tobramycin against various bacteria. BMY 28142 was the most active agent tested against the Enterobacteriaceae inhibiting 90% at less than or equal to 1 mg/l. The in-vitro activity of BMY 28142 was equal to or superior to cefotaxime against the highly susceptible members of the Enterobacteriaceae and several-fold superior to ceftazidime and aztreonam. BMY 28142 inhibited many Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii and Serratia marcescens resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam. BMY 28142 was more active than imipenem against Proteus, Providencia and Morganella species. Ceftazidime and imipenem were more active than BMY 28142 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but it inhibited piperacillin and tobramycin-resistant isolates. BMY 28142 inhibited beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. BMY 28142 was more active than ceftazidime against streptococcal and staphylococcal species, but it did not inhibit or kill most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. BMY 28142 did not inhibit most Bacteroides species. BMY 28142 was not hydrolyzed by common plasmid and chromosomal beta-lactamases, but it bound poorly to Enterobacter beta-lactamase, was a poor inhibitor of the TEM plasmid beta-lactamase and was a poor inducer of beta-lactamases.
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PMID:The activity of BMY 28142 a new broad spectrum beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin. 348 62

Ceftazidime was prospectively evaluated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis in 19 pediatric patients. Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) was the etiologic agent in 17 patients, and Streptococcus pneumonia and Neisseria meningitidis were the etiologic agents in one patient each. Ceftazidime was administered intravenously in a dosage of 150 mg/kg/day divided into eight hourly doses for a mean of 15 days (range, 14 to 22 days) for H. influenzae type b meningitis. The clinical and microbiologic response was appropriate in all cases. The mean ceftazidime CSF concentration was 6.7 micrograms/ml at approximately 2 hours following iv infusions. This concentration was 16- to greater than 100-fold the minimal bactericidal concentration determined for the isolated pathogens. These preliminary observations support ceftazidime as a candidate cephalosporin for the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by H. influenzae. Additional study is required to further define its role in meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis.
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PMID:Treatment of bacterial meningitis with ceftazidime. 352 58

Ceftazidime, a new beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin, was compared with a combination of ampicillin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of meningitis in 100 infants and children aged one month to 15 years. In this open, randomized trial conducted in the Dominican Republic, 61 patients received 50 mg/kg of ceftazidime intravenously every eight hours; 39 received ampicillin plus chloramphenicol in conventional dosages. Seventy-eight of the patients had discernible isolates in samples from cerebrospinal fluid, six had a positive diagnostic Directogen result, and the remainder either had miscellaneous pathogens evident in samples of cerebrospinal fluid, bacteriologic growth in cultures of blood samples only, or no bacteriologic growth in cultures of either cerebrospinal fluid or blood. Among patients with discernible etiologic agents in samples of cerebrospinal fluid, 11 of 57 (19 percent) ceftazidime-treated patients died, and five of 27 (19 percent) patients treated with the combination died. Mortality by pathogen was as follows for patients who received ceftazidime or ampicillin plus chloramphenicol, respectively: Hemophilus influenzae, two of 27 (7 percent) and one of 15 (6 percent); Streptococcus pneumoniae, six of 12 (50 percent) and two of five (40 percent); Neisseria meningitidis, none of 11 (0 percent) and one of six (17 percent); and Salmonella, neither of two (0 percent) and one of one (100 percent). Overall mortality in the ceftazidime group was 20 percent versus 21 percent in the combination group. No significant toxicities were noted in the patients treated with ceftazidime.
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PMID:Ceftazidime in the treatment of meningitis in infants and children over one month of age. 389 18

Experience with the use of first-generation cephalosporins in bacterial meningitis has been disappointing; low concentrations were obtained in the cerebrospinal fluid, and therapeutic failures were encountered. Of the second-generation cephalosporins cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefoxitin, only cefuroxime has proved efficacy in meningitis caused by meningococci, pneumococci, or Hemophilus influenzae. The third-generation cephalosporins offer new advantages in the treatment of meningitis because they are active at the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations obtainable. Cefotaxime has produced high cure rates in patients with meningitis caused by meningococci, pneumococci, or H. influenzae. Several controlled comparative studies indicate that ceftriaxone is as effective as conventional treatment in therapy for neonatal or childhood meningitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, or H. influenzae. Moxalactam has been found in uncontrolled studies to be effective when the cause was enteric gram-negative bacilli. Ceftazidime is a new cephalosporin with a high degree of beta-lactamase stability and a broad antibacterial spectrum, which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa that enters the cerebrospinal fluid. Data from 29 patients who received ceftazidime as monotherapy for bacterial meningitis showed an overall cure or improvement rate of 75.9 percent. Therapy failed in three patients with meningitis caused by gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. agalactiae), and in three with gram-negative organisms. Of 14 patients with Pseudomonas meningitis, 11 showed a cure, as did six of six patients with meningitis caused by Enterobacter, Serratia, or Acinetobacter. More, preferably controlled, studies of the efficacy of ceftazidime in the treatment of meningitis should be undertaken.
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PMID:Role of cephalosporins in the treatment of bacterial meningitis in adults. Overview with special emphasis on ceftazidime. 389 19

Ceftazidime and cefamandole were compared in the treatment of pneumonia. The median MIC of ceftazidime for all Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 17) and Haemophilus influenzae (n = 10) isolates was 0.125 microgram/ml. All other isolates were inhibited by less than 0.5 microgram of ceftazidime per ml, with the exception of a group B streptococcus (MIC = 4 micrograms/ml). Satisfactory clinical responses were observed in 91% (20 of 22) of cefamandole-treated patients and 85% (17 of 20) of ceftazidime-treated patients.
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PMID:Comparison of ceftazidime with cefamandole for therapy of community-acquired pneumonia. 389 2

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined against 662 recent clinical isolates for eight cephalosporins representing first, second and third generation compounds. All four third-generation cephalosporins tested (cefoperaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and moxalactam) were significantly more active against aerobic gram-negative bacteria than the older compounds (cephalothin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime). Cefotaxime and moxalactam were most active against Enterobacteriaceae with extremely low MIC-values. Ceftazidime was definitely most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with more than 90% of strains inhibited at 4 micro g/ml. MIC-values for cefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus were for all strains 1-2 micro g/ml, slightly higher for cefoperazone, while the effect of ceftazidime and moxalactam was more limited. All third generation cephalosporins demonstrated efficiency against Streptococcus pyogenes, cefotaxime being most active and moxalactam least active, but were essentially ineffective against Streptococcus faecalis. Moxalactam demonstrated higher activity against Bacteroides fragilis than other second and third generation cephalosporins including cefoxitin. Previous studies have demonstrated a very high activity of all third generation cephalosporins against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including beta-lactamase producing strains.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro activity of first, second and third generation cephalosporins. 627 43

The in vitro activity of ceftazidime was determined using an agar dilution technique and compared with that of cefotaxime and moxalactam against 559 clinically important isolates. Ceftazidime showed poor activity against Bacteroides and Campylobacter, moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and excellent activity against Haemophilus, Aeromonas and the Enterobacteriaceae. 91% of 324 cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited at a concentration of 1 mg/l. Ceftazidime was the most active drug against Acinetobacter. It also showed exceptional activity against Pseudomonas, inhibiting 90% of the strains at a concentration of 4 mg/l. A significant inoculum effect was only seen with inocula of 10(6) cfu or higher, and depended on the strain tested and the methodology employed.
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PMID:The in vitro activity of ceftazidime against resistant clinical isolates. 629 67


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