Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a controlled multicenter trial 291 patients have been treated with cefotetan. They suffered from acute or chronic exacerbated bronchopulmonary disorders. In 110 patients it was possible to identify the etiological agent: enterobacteria (62), non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (10), Haemophilus influenzae (8), Branhamella catarrhalis (1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (19), Staphylococcus aureus (12), Streptococcus pyogenes (4). In the exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (203), cefotetan was generally administered at the dose of 1 g/12 h i.m., whereas it was administered at the dose of 2 g/12 h i.v. in acute infection. The mean duration of therapy was 8.8 days. Positive clinical results were obtained in 251 patients (86.2%) with eradication of the pathogen initially isolated in 90.5% of cases. Cefotetan showed good local and general tolerance. The results obtained confirm those of studies concerning limited numbers of patients and show the efficacy of cefotetan both in acute and chronic pathologies, also in patients with serious involvement of their general conditions (concomitant pathologies, high mean age).
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PMID:[Cefotetan in the therapy of respiratory infections. Multicenter research]. 253 28

The authors studied 302 hospitalized patients, 164 males and 138 females aged 15-88 years (average 66 years), with severe infections. Cefotetan was administered to 278 of them at the dose of 1 or 2 g, b.i.d. or a single daily dose i.m. Other patients [24] were treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of cefotetan (3 g daily in 5% dextrose). Of these patients 121 were treated for urinary tract infections (UTI); 114 for respiratory tract infections (RTI); 41 for liver biliary duct infections (BDI); 17 for skin or skin structure infections (SKI); 6 for fever of unknown origin and 3 for sepsis. The following Gram-positive organisms [156] were isolated: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus group D; and the following Gram-negative organisms [122]: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia spp., Klebsiella spp., Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The overall eradication rate for Gram-positive organisms was 74% and for Gram-negative organisms it was 88%. The clinical response was satisfactory in 87.7% of patients (specifically, cefotetan was effective in 90% of UTI, 84.2% of RTI, 97.5% of BDI and 82.3% of SKI). The drug was well tolerated and side-effects (such as skin rash, diarrhoea, purpura and pain at the site of injection) occurred in only 4% of patients treated with cefotetan. In conclusion, cefotetan appears to be safe and highly effective for the treatment of severe infections in hospitalized patients.
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PMID:Bacteriological and clinical evaluation of cefotetan in the treatment of severe infections in hospitalized patients. 321 8

The in vitro activity of cefotetan was assessed against beta-lactamase producing clinical isolates. The majority of Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml with 50% of isolates inhibited by less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. Cefotetan inhibited organisms resistant to cefazolin, cefonicid and cefoperazone, but not isolates of Enterobacter, Citrobacter or Serratia resistant to ceftizoxime. Cefotetan inhibited beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, but it did not inhibit Acinetobacter or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefotetan was as active as cefoxitin against anaerobic species such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium. Cefotetan was not hydrolyzed by Richmond-Sykes plasmid beta-lactamases of type III such as TEM and SHV, nor by the OXA or PSE beta-lactamases. It also was not hydrolyzed by cephalosporinases of Richmond-Sykes type Ia or Id. Cefotetan inhibited beta-lactamases of the type Ia and Id, but it also induced these beta-lactamases in P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae and C. freundii.
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PMID:The activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefotetan compared to other beta-lactam antibiotics. 387 87

The antimicrobial activity of three 7-alpha-methoxy beta-lactams were compared to cefoperazone and ceftriaxone. All had a similar spectrum of activity against the Enterobacteriaceae, except cefoxitin. Cefotetan was only slightly less active than moxalactam against the Enterobacter spp. Ceftriaxone was most effective on Neisserias, Haemophilus spp, nonenterococcal Streptococcus spp, and Acinetobacter spp. Cefoperazone generally inhibited more pseudomonads while all of the "cephamycins" showed activity against Bacteroides fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron. Beta-lactamase hydrolysis studies of six substrates having pharmacologic serum half lives of greater than or equal to 2 hrs were performed by bioassay and automated procedures. Excellent correlations were found between methods up to 24 hrs. A "lag-phase" was observed for several drug/enzyme combinations before initiation of significant substrate hydrolysis. The 7-alpha-methoxy beta-lactams were routinely more stable to the six representative enzymes (Richmond-Sykes types I-V) than other "stable" cephalosporins. Substrate hydrolysis rates resulting in greater than 50% drug loss in less than or equal to 1 hr generally produced resistant in vitro test results. Cefotetan, cefoxitin, moxalactam, ceftriaxone, and dicloxacillin were potent inhibitors of Type I (P99) beta-lactamases. Moxalactam demonstrated significant inhibition and affinity for the Type V enzyme while cefoperazone uniquely possesses affinity (so-called inhibition) for all tested beta-lactamases. Cefotetan appears to be a promising, beta-lactam compound with some in vitro characteristics comparable to the 1-oxa-beta-lactams and alpha-methoxyimino cephalosporins.
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PMID:Antimicrobial activity, beta-lactamase stability and beta-lactamase inhibition of cefotetan and other 7-alpha-methoxy beta-lactam antimicrobials. 632 95

The cephamycin, cefotetan, was compared with other beta-lactam antibiotics including the monocyclic beta-lactam, azthreonam, against a total of 277 recent clinical isolates. Cefotetan had activity comparable to moxalactam against Staphylococcus aureus and against the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting all isolates except for Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. at less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l. Cefotetan was active against beta-lactamase producing and non-beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90 1 mg/l); was inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90 greater than 128 mg/l); and was eightfold less active than cefoxitin against the Bacteroides fragilis group. Azthreonam was as active as moxalactam against the Enterobacteriaceae and was more active than moxalactam against Ps. aeruginosa, inhibiting 90% of isolates at less than or equal to 8 mg/l, but was inactive against the Bact. fragilis group (MIC90 greater than 128 mg/l) and against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC90 greater than 128 mg/l).
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of the cephamycin cefotetan: an in-vitro comparison with other beta-lactam antibiotics. 640 81

The in-vitro antibacterial activity of cefotetan was assessed against recent clinical isolates of common bacteria and also against reference strains that produced known beta-lactamases. The compound was active against most staphylococci (MICs 4 to 8 mg/l) though methicillin-resistant strains were less sensitive. It was also generally active against streptococci (MICs mostly in the range 1 to 16 mg/l). However, enterococci and penicillin-resistant pneumococci were resistant. Cefotetan was highly active against enterobacteria, with 75% of isolates inhibited by 0.5 mg/l and 90% inhibited by 4 mg/l. It was also highly active against Haemophilus influenzae (MICs 0.5 to 4 mg/l) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MICs 0.06 to 2 mg/l) but had relatively poor activity against Acinetobacter spp. (MICs mostly 4 to 128 mg/l). Cefotetan had little useful activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs 16 to 512 mg/l) but was more active against most other pseudomonads. Cefotetan had moderate activity against the Bacteroides fragilis group (MICs mostly less than or equal to 32 mg/l), though Bact. fragilis sensu stricto and Bact. vulgatus were more sensitive (MICs usually less than or equal to 4 mg/l). It was more active against most other anaerobes, though its activity was always exceeded by that of ampicillin. Cefotetan possessed a high degree of resistance to both plasmid-mediated and chromosomally-determined beta-lactamases.
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PMID:Cefotetan: in-vitro antibacterial activity and susceptibility to beta-lactamases. 660 50

Antibiotics were added at final concentrations of 0.5 to 10 mg/l to either human blood, serum, urine, bile or ascitic fluid inoculated with sensitive cultures. Bactericidal effects were monitored by estimation of viable counts over 24 h at 37 degrees C. Cefotetan was reliably bactericidal to bacteria suspended in human urine over a wide range of conditions. Gentamicin, cefotaxime, cefotetan and azthreonam were predominantly bactericidal against Enterobacteriaceae in serum and blood; gentamicin, cefotetan and cefotaxime were bactericidal in bile, and cefotetan bactericidal in ascitic fluid. The above antibiotics all also produced a bactericidal effect against Haemophilus influenzae in serum, and the macrolides erythromycin and rosaramicin destroyed haemophilus in serum more rapidly than did ampicillin or amoxycillin. In most of these fluids, destruction (reduction in viable counts by greater than 10-fold) of the inoculum occurred within 2 to 4 h for gentamicin and 4 to 6 h for similar concentrations of beta-lactam agents.
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PMID:Bactericidal effects of cefotetan and other antibiotics in human fluids. 660 51

The in vitro activity of cefotetan, a new cephamycin, was compared with the activities of cefoxitin, cefuroxime, moxalactam, ceftazidime, and piperacillin against 273 recent clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefotetan for 90% of Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were between 0.12 and 2 micrograms/ml; for 90% of Staphylococcus aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration was 8 micrograms/ml, and for 90% of Bacteroides fragilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Lancefield group D streptococci it was 128 micrograms/ml or more. The activity of cefotetan against Enterobacteriaceae is comparable to the activities of ceftazidime and moxalactam and four to eight times greater than the activities of cefoxitin and cefuroxime. Cefotetan was approximately one-half as active as cefoxitin and cefuroxime against S. aureus. Although cefotetan was 87% bound to serum protein, serum had little effect on the in vitro antimicrobial activity of this agent.
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PMID:In vitro activity of cefotetan, a new cephamycin derivative, compared with that of other beta-lactam compounds. 695 75

Cefotetan is a new, potent, 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporin (cephamycin). The in vitro activity of cefotetan tested in a multiphasic, collaborative study against 12,260 consecutive clinical isolates and 448 selected isolates showed 93% of Enterobacteriaceae, 90% of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (broth dilution), 83% of Bacteroides fragilis, and 72% of non-enterococcal streptococci to be inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml. Beta-Lactamase-producing and -nonproducing Haemophilus influenzae strains were inhibited by less than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml. Cefotetan's inhibitory spectrum paralleled those of the newest generation of cephems and exceeded those of cefoxitin and cefamandole. No useful activity was present against Streptococcus faecalis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefotetan was bactericidal without significant inoculum effect and was highly resistant to hydrolysis by Richmond-Sykes types I, III, and IV beta-lactamases. Hydrolysis of the chromogenic cephalosporin PADAC (pyridine-2-azo-p-dimethylaniline cephalosporin) by type I beta-lactamases was markedly inhibited by concentrations of cefotetan similar to those of the potent inhibitor dicloxacillin. Analysis of agar disk diffusion for several disk potencies and broth dilution susceptibility tests by regression and error rate-bounding methods produced preliminary tentative zone standards (30-micrograms disk, using minimal inhibitory concentration breakpoints of less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml susceptible and greater than 32 micrograms/ml resistant, or 75-micrograms disk, using minimal inhibitory concentration breakpoints of less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml susceptible and greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml resistant) of greater than or equal to 18 mm susceptible, less than or equal to 14 mm resistant, and 15 to 17 mm indeterminate. Staphylococcus aureus testing with the 30-micrograms disk is not recommended.
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PMID:Cefotetan, a new cephamycin: comparison of in vitro antimicrobial activity with other cephems, beta-lactamase stability, and preliminary recommendations for disk diffusion testing. 698 62