Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A murine model of bacteremic Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacies of the quinolone antimicrobial agents enoxacin and ofloxacin compared with those of ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Ampicillin-susceptible (AS) and ampicillin-resistant (AR) challenge strains were employed. Treatment with enoxacin or ofloxacin produced intrapulmonary killing of H. influenzae that was superior to that achieved with ampicillin (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001 for both AS and AR strains). Ofloxacin and enoxacin also provided killing greater than that with chloramphenicol for the AS strain (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001). For the AR strain, ofloxacin provided killing greater than that obtained with chloramphenicol (P less than 0.001). Survival from AS strain pneumonia was 60% in enoxacin-treated and 78% in ofloxacin-treated animals compared with 41% for chloramphenicol-treated and 23% for ampicillin-treated groups. We conclude that enoxacin and ofloxacin may be effective antimicrobial agents in treating either AS or AR strains causing H. influenzae pneumonia.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of enoxacin, ofloxacin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol for treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia. 349 34

Ampicillin and chloramphenicol have been used for initial empiric therapy of childhood meningitis since the mid-1970s. Problems associated with these drugs include the possibility of chloramphenicol-associated aplastic anemia and the existence of Hemophilus influenzae type b resistance to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Several second- and third-generation cephalosporins have been shown to be as effective as ampicillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of childhood meningitis.
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PMID:Cephalosporin therapy for childhood meningitis. 349 53

Haemophilus Influenzae type B is perhaps the most important pathogen in childhood. H.I. is the most common cause of bacterial septic arthritis in children under 2 years of age in the U.S.A. We describe two cases of H.I. septic arthritis and we discuss the the treatment. The antibiotic therapy is invasive H.I. type B disease is in a period of transition. New drugs are available that offer the same therapeutic efficacy as Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol but with decreased toxicity.
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PMID:[Arthritis caused by type B Haemophilus influenzae. Description of 2 cases]. 349 34

Antibiotic susceptibilities of Pasteurella sp, Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were determined. The combination of sodium sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, and ampicillin had a synergistic effect against all ampicillin-resistant pathogens, rendering them susceptible to ampicillin. Studies of cell-free beta-lactamase from Pasteurella and Haemophilus isolates confirmed the presence of a constitutive penicillinase. Inhibitory concentrations of sulbactam-ampicillin were bactericidal, as demonstrated by killing curves. Ampicillin-resistant Pasteurella and Haemophilus isolates did not develop resistance to sulbactam-ampicillin when passed as many as 8 times in the presence of sublethal concentrations of sulbactam-ampicillin. The in vitro synergistic activity of sulbactam-penicillin also was seen in an in vivo synergistic response in mice challenge exposed to an ampicillin-resistant P haemolytica.
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PMID:Activity of beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam plus ampicillin against animal isolates of Pasteurella, Haemophilus, and Staphylococcus. 350 86

Cefuzonam (L-105, CZON) was studied in pediatric infections. A summary of the results it as follows: For recently isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains, Peak MICs of CZON were distributed between 0.39 and 0.78 micrograms/ml showing a greater susceptibility of S. aureus to CZON than to cefoperazone (CPZ), latamoxef (LMOX), and cefmenoxime (CMX). Peak MICs of CZON for Escherichia coli were 0.10-0.20 micrograms/ml, similar to those of CPZ, LMOX, and CMX. Ampicillin (ABPC)-resistant strains were also susceptible to CZON. MICs for Salmonella were similar to those for E. coli. Peak MICs of CZON for Vibrio parahaemolyticus were 0.20-0.39 micrograms/ml. The susceptibility of the bacteria to CZON was far greater than to ABPC, and was similar to CPZ, LMOX, and CMX. With 20 mg/kg drip infusion, serum concentrations reached their peaks at the end of administration with values of 20.6-68.7 micrograms/ml, which decreased to 0.43-1.70 micrograms/ml after 2 hours. Half-lives of CZON in serum were 0.68-1.2 hours. With 50 mg/kg drip infusion, serum concentrations reached their peaks at the end of administration with levels of 69.0-82.0 micrograms/ml, and at after 2 hours 1.85-3.45 micrograms/ml. Thus, an apparent dose response was observed. Half-lives of CZON in serum were 0.63-0.99 hours. Urinary recovery rates in 6 hours were 39.9-80.5%. A total of 44 cases of 10 different types of acute pediatric infections was treated by CZON intravenous drip infusion as the main therapeutic procedure. The efficacy rate was 93.2%, and the compound was effective on purulent infections, acute urinary tract infection, etc. with pathogens such as ABPC-resistant S. aureus, E. coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Dosage levels per day were 50 to 80 mg/kg in most cases. In infections with S. aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (3 strains), E. faecalis (1 strain), Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (1 strain), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (2 strains), Haemophilus influenzae (11 strains), Bordetella pertussis (1 strain), E. coli (3 strains), a total of 30 strains, bacterial elimination was noted with an exception of 1 strain of S. aureus. The compound was used for 4 to 15 days, but side effects observed clinically were only 1 case of diarrhea and 1 case of thrombocytosis.
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PMID:[Evaluation of cefuzonam in the pediatric field]. 361 82

The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) attributable to IUD use has been increasing, especially after the removal of the Dalkon shield from the market, but this relationship has not been settled conclusively. In recent decades PID included a variety of infections, but lately the definition of PID has meant acute ascending infections of the female genital tract. Its most common risk factors include promiscuity of IUD use, although this can be reduced to one fourth by regular checkups and proper hygiene. The frequency of PID is estimated at 2-5% of IUD users. Microorganisms contributing to PID include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacteroides, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, and Actinomyces israelii, The differentiation of actinomycosis (AC) and pseudoactinomycosis (PAC) is well advised. The potential of IUD use in increasing the risk of AIDS should not be discounted. The clinical picture of PID is varied, it can be mild requiring conservative drug therapy; with medium severity requiring removal of the IUD and drug therapy; severe necessitating removal, antibiotics and sulfonamide treatment and laparotomy; and very severe with potentially fatal generalized sepsis. In addition to antibiotics, e.g., penicillin, treatment can include the so called catastrophy combination of Mandokef- Metronidazol-Gentamycin. An analysis of the data of 8536 IUD fittings in Debrecen, Hungary showed 1.4% removals due to PID after 4 years, 694 patients (8.1%) had lower abdominal pain 73 of which (0.9%) had palpable resistance, and suppuration occurred in only 30 cases (0.4%). Treatment included Semicillin or Tetran, or removal of the IUD, and even surgery if no improvement resulted. Prevention of PID include elimination of risk factors, the careful selection of IUD users, regular checkups, the use of copper (Cu) T device, and strict adherence to professional standards.
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PMID:[The role of intrauterine contraceptive devices in the development of inflammatory processes in the small pelvis]. 376 5

From 1977 to 1981, 18,642 cases of bacterial meningitis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control. We analyzed data from 27 states with full participation from 1978 through 1981. Hemophilus influenzae was the most frequent cause of bacterial meningitis (48.3%), followed by Neisseria meningitidis (19.6%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.3%). Overall attack rates for males were greater than for females (3.3 v 2.6 cases per 10(5) population per year). Attack rates were highest in children under 1 year of age (76.7 per 10(5) population per year). Case-fatality ratios were highest for gram-negative and miscellaneous causes of bacterial meningitis (33.7%) and lowest for meningitis caused by H influenzae (6.0%). Neisseria meningitidis and S pneumonia meningitis occurred preponderantly during the winter, while H influenzae meningitis had peak activity in the spring and fall. Ampicillin resistance among H influenzae increased from 18.7% in 1978, to 23.9% in 1981. Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis was the most common serogroup identified during the reporting period (51.1%), followed by serogroup C (22.3%), serogroup Y (5.8%), and serogroup A (4.7%) infections.
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PMID:Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1978 through 1981. The National Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Study. 387 69

Susceptibility and time-kill studies were done with low and high inocula of both beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains of Haemophilus influenzae with cefamandole, ampicillin, cefoperazone, mezlocillin, moxalactam, and ceftriaxone. Bioassay was done to test for antibiotic inactivation by beta-lactamase-positive strains. All six antibiotics were highly active against the low inoculum (10(4) to 10(5) colony-forming units/ml) of beta-lactamase-negative strains; ceftriaxone, moxalactam, and cefoperazone were equally active against the same inoculum concentration of beta-lactamase-positive strains. In contrast, cefamandole, mezlocillin, and ampicillin were less active against the low inoculum of beta-lactamase-positive H influenzae. A marked inoculum effect occurred with the high inoculum (10(7) to 10(8) CFU/ml) with all six antibiotics, regardless of beta-lactamase production. In time-kill studies, marked differences in bacterial killing resulted after low and high inocula. Ampicillin, cefamandole, cefoperazone, and mezlocillin were rapidly inactivated by the high inoculum of beta-lactamase-positive H influenzae.
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PMID:Beta-lactamase-positive strains of Haemophilus influenzae: susceptibility to and inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics. 387 8

BRL 25000 granules containing 2 parts amoxicillin and 1 part potassium clavulanate were administered to children suffering from acute infections at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg in 3 or 4 divided doses for at least 3 days. Infections included acute airway infections (81), scarlet fever and suspected scarlet fever (4), urinary tract infections (4), impetigo contagiosa (1) and acute colitis (1). Bacteria were eradicated in 91.3% (63/69) of cases treated with the BRL 25000 granules, with only 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 2 of Escherichia coli, 1 of Haemophilus influenzae and 1 of Streptococcus pneumoniae remaining. Eight beta-lactamase producing strains were detected amongst the 49 clinical isolates studied and of these, 6 were eradicated after administration of the BRL 25000 granules. Good clinical efficacy was obtained in 97.8% of cases (89/91), with 1 case of acute tonsillitis and 1 of acute colitis showing no improvement. Adverse reactions were limited to 1 case of vomiting and 3 of diarrhea, and no abnormal laboratory findings were detected.
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical evaluation of the BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin) granules in the pediatric field]. 400 49

Eighty-eight patients from 16 to 79 years old, with acute purulent otitis media, were bacteriologically examined at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of a primary care hospital in Tokyo from July 1979 to May 1983. Fifty-six patients underwent paracentesis, and 32 patients exhibited otorrhea due to previous spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane. Bacteriologic cultures revealed the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (62.5 per cent), including S. pneumoniae Type III (28.1 per cent), Haemophilus influenzae (10.5 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (11.5 per cent), and Streptococcus pyogenes (7.3 per cent). S. pneumoniae Type III had a notably high detection rate in patients from 50 to 79 years old (50-75 per cent). Because Haemophilus influenzae was detected at a relatively high rate in patients of all ages, if can be considered as a major causative pathogen of AOM. In 44 patients, selected mainly from those who underwent paracentesis, a comparative study of bacteria found in middle ear fluid and naso-pharyngeal mucus revealed the same bacteria in 43 out of 44 cases (97.7 per cent), indicating the presence of bacterial infection through the auditory canal. Antibiotics were selected according to an Expected Efficacy Index (EEI), the antibiotic of first choice being Ampicillin or Cefaclor.
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PMID:Bacteriological features and chemotherapy of adult acute purulent otitis media. 402 Feb 54


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