Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This survey is based on data for 245 903 isolates reported by Public Health Network laboratories in 1983. Facultatively pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria comprised two-third of the isolates, and--except Escherichia coli--were resistant in a high percent to the most frequently used antibiotics. Oxacillin and vancomycin were the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus being in 94.7% resistant to penicillin. In contrast to other streptococci, all Streptococcus pyogenes strains were sensitive to penicillin. The majority of the Gram-positive strains were resistant to tetracycline. A comparison to results reported earlier (1974 to 1983) showed an increasing resistance rate mainly to ampicillin, carbenicillin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin, which were introduced in therapy during this period. Resistance rate of almost all species has increased to gentamicin, e.g. that of Proteus mirabilis has risen tenfold. Emergence of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin, and increasing resistance rates of P. mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae to almost all drugs are remarkable findings. The increasing or variable usage of drugs that have been used for a long time did not influence resistance markedly. In some instances the resistance rates even diminished, e.g. the tetracycline resistance of agents associated with enteric diseases. A restricted use of chloramphenicol reflected in a decreased resistance of some species. Multiresistant Gram-negative strains--which are resistant to all drugs frequently used in Hungary--were isolated in 12.7% from a representative clinical material. The frequent occurrence of multiresistant P. mirabilis and Acinetobacter isolates is a new phenomenon. Surprisingly, the percentage of multiresistant E. coli strains was very low. Amikacin and netilmicin were found to be the most effective against multiresistant isolates.
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PMID:Current state and tendencies of antibiotic resistance in Hungary. 381 28

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ro 13-9904 against 245 clinical isolates was determined by an agar dilution method. The activity of Ro 13-9904 against most Enterobacteriaceae was similar to that of cefotaxime; it was slightly more active than cefotaxime against Proteus mirabilis, Providencia species, and Serratia marcescens, but slightly less active against Klebsiella species. Ro 13-9904 was twofold more active than cefotaxime and threefold more active than ticarcillin against ticarcillin-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a mean MIC of 7.2 micrograms/ml; isolates highly resistant to ticarcillin were inhibited by a mean MIC of 17.2 micrograms/ml. Ro 13-9904 was fourfold more active than ampicillin against susceptible Haemophilus influenzae and was equally active against beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Ro 13-9904 was highly active against pneumococci and moderately active (MIC, 4 micrograms/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus isolates, whether they were susceptible or resistant to penicillin G. Oxacillin-resistant S. aureus and Streptococcus faecalis were completely resistant to Ro 13-9904 (MIC, greater than 128 micrograms/ml).
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PMID:In vitro activity of Ro 13-9904, a new beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporin. 628 26

By a retrospective chart review patients with buccal cellulitis were divided into groups with and without a probable portal of entry of infection at the time of diagnosis. Tooth abscesses or breaks in the skin were the usual portals of entry. Patients with a portal of entry were significantly older (P less than 0.001), had lower white blood cell counts on admission (P less than 0.01) and recovered more rapidly (P = 0.001). Haemophilus influenzae type b was recovered only from those with no portal of entry. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes caused infection in both groups but were more frequent in those with a portal of entry. Bacteremia was proved only in the group with no portal, and H. influenzae b grew from 14 to 15 positive blood cultures. All cultures of cerebrospinal fluid yielded no growth. We suggest that patients with no portal of entry on presentation receive initial parenteral therapy for H. influenzae b and Gram-positive cocci. Our current regimen is a combination of a semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin such as oxacillin and chloramphenicol. Oxacillin alone is indicated for those with a break in the skin leading to infection, whereas penicillin is appropriate for patients with dental infection. This initial therapy should be altered depending upon culture results when available.
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PMID:Etiology and treatment of facial cellulitis in pediatric patients. 686 85

According to the genetic relationships among Gram-negative bacilli the genus Pasteurella is included with the genus Haemophilus and the genus Acinobacillus within the family Pasteurellacae. Pasteurella multocida, the type species, is responsible for the majority of human Pasteurella infections. P. multocida is a member of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract of many mammals or birds. It causes sporadic or epidemic diseases among different animal species, particularly pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis in swine in intensive breeding stations. The most common human infection with P. multocida is a local cellulitis following dog or cat bites and scratches. Serious local complications are sometimes responsible for prolonged disability. The respiratory tract is the second human source of P. multocida isolates. The frequency of recovery of P. multocida from oropharynx of apparently healthy pig breeders suggests that respiratory pasteurellosis could be an occupational disease. The mechanisms of virulence of P. multocida are unclear. Several factors are involved: capsules preventing phagocytosis, a dermonecrotic toxin causing experimental atrophic rhinitis, hyaluronidase, neuraminidase and proteases. Penicillin is considered to be the drug of choice for Pasteurella infection. Tetracyclin is efficient for bites but has no bactericidal effect. Oxacillin, first-generation cephalosporins, macrolides and aminoglycosides have poor activities. In the case of beta-lactamase producing strains a bactericidal effect could be achieved with fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins.
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PMID:[Pasteurelloses]. 777 Mar 88

Cefquinome (formerly HR 111V), an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was compared with cefepime, cefpirome, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime against 681 clinical cultures and a challenge set of bacteria with well-characterized resistance mechanisms. Cefquinome minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) for the enterobacteriaceae ranged from < or = 0.12-2 micrograms/ml with the highest MIC (4 micrograms/ml) obtained among Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Providencia stuartii strains. A total of 90% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited by cefquinome at < or = 8 micrograms/ml. Cefquinome activity of particular note for Gram-positive isolates included Corynebacterium jeikeium (MIC90, 8 micrograms/ml) and enterococci (MIC50, 4-8 micrograms/ml). Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 32-fold less susceptible (MIC90, 16 micrograms/ml) to cefquinome than oxacillin-susceptible (MIC90, 0.5 micrograms/ml) strains. Cefquinome was very potent against fastidious isolates such as Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC90, 0.25-2 micrograms/ml); Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90, 0.06-1 micrograms/ml), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90, 0.06-0.5 micrograms/ml), and Streptococcus species (MIC90, < or = 0.03-006 micrograms/ml). When tested against organisms possessing Bush group 2 enzymes (including extended spectrum beta-lactamases), cefquinome remained active (MIC, < or = 8 micrograms/ml) against the majority of strains. This compound should be very active against pathogens generally found in animal infections and possesses a potency and spectrum comparable to the "fourth-generation" cephalosporins (cefepime and cefpirome) being investigated for human infectious diseases.
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PMID:Cefquinome (HR 111V). In vitro evaluation of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin indicated for infections in animals. 786 99

The in vitro activity of RU-59863, a so-called "fifth generation" catechol cephalosporin, was evaluated against 606 bacterial isolates and compared with the activities of cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefpirome. RU-59863 demonstrated a broad spectrum of inhibition and superior overall activity than comparators when tested against Enterobacteriaciae (MIC90s, 0.015 to 2 micrograms/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90, 0.5 microgram/ml), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml), Acinetobacter ssp. (MIC90, 4 micrograms/ml), and oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus ssp. (MIC90s, 0.5 to 8 micrograms/ml). Potent RU-59863 activity was also observed against beta-haemolytic and viridans gr. streptococci (MIC90s, 0.12-0.5 microgram/ml), Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90s, 0.03 to 0.5 microgram/ml), Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90, 0.06 microgram/ml), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90, 0.06 micrograms/ml). RU-59863 demonstrated marginal potency against Enterococcus faecalis (MICs 2 to 16 micrograms/ml) and was inactive against Enterococcus faecium (MIC90, > 128 micrograms/ml). Oxacillin-resistant staphylococci were not inhibited by RU-59863 (MIC90s, 32 to 128 micrograms/ml). Among the cephalosporins tested, RU-59863 performed best versus ceftazidime-resistant Bush group 1 isolates and strains producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases. RU-59863 was also effective against many fluoroquinolone-, aminoglycoside-, and imipenem-resistant isolates. RU-59863 seems to be a significant advance in cephalosporin chemistry and activity, especially against Gram-negative pathogens resistant to current beta-lactam therapeutic agents. Further studies of human pharmacokinetics and against clinical infections are encouraged.
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PMID:In vitro antimicrobial activity of RU-59863, a C-7 catechol substituted cephalosporin. 923 1

Antimicrobial susceptibility of 11 commonly seen and/or important pathogenic bacteria isolated from the National Taiwan University Hospital in 1981 and 1992 was analysed. Oxacillin-resistance was most remarkable in Staphylococcus aureus. Its prevalence increased rapidly from 6.7% in 1981 to 49.7% in 1992. A high proportion of oxacillin-resistance was also found in coagulase-negative staphylococci, both in 1981 and in 1992. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, no penicillin-resistant nor erythromycin-resistant strain was found in 1981, but by 1992, 5.8% of the isolates were penicillin-resistant 42.3% erythromycin-resistant. Gentamicin-resistance was the most common problem in enterococci, with 70.6% resistance in 1992. As to Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter spp. demonstrated a high proportion of resistance to various antimicrobial agents: more than 72% susceptibility was found only for amikacin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also a highly resistant bacterium, with only 50 to 90% of susceptibility to various antipseudomonal agents. In Haemophilus influenzae, both ampicillin-resistance and chloramphenicol-resistance were remarkable, with 52.2% and 32.9% resistance, respectively, in 1992.
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PMID:Resistance to antimicrobial agents of common bacteria isolated from Taiwan. 1861 4