Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of cefotaxime (HR756), a new semi-synthetic cephalosporin, was compared with the activity of ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, cefamandole and cefoxitin against 247 strains of Haemophilus sp.; 20 of these strains produce a beta-lactam inactivating enzyme. The minimal inhibitoring concentrations were determined by the agar plate dilution technique. Cefotaxime is not only more active than any other cephalosporin but also than ampicillin, generally estimated the most active drug against Haemophilus sp. Bacteriostatic concentrations of cefotaxime which inhibit 50 and 95% of the strains (BSC50 and BSC95) were 0,009 microgram/ml and 0,03 microgram/ml, respectively, showing an activity 20 times superior to that of ampicillin. Cefotaxime activity was unaffected by the production of beta-lactamase.
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PMID:Comparative activities of cefotaxime, a new cephalosporin derivative, and of selected beta-lactam antibiotics against Haemophilus species. 31 45

Cefotaxime is more active than six other cephalosporins against 150 cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains and is the only drug which is more active than ampicillin against Haemophilus. It shows a potentially useful activity against Pseudomonas.
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PMID:In vitro of cefotaxime against cephalothin-resistant clinical isolates. 47 69

Between January 1986 and December 1991, the sensitivity of germs isolated from purulent meningitidis diagnosed at the Universitary and Hospital Center Treichville was tested with reference to the antibiotics utilized in the treatment of purulent meningitidis (Ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin+clavulinic acid, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)). Cefotaxime, cephalosporin of the third generation, keeps its effectiveness on the main germs as a whole (Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, haemophilus influenzae). On the contrary, the other antibiotics undergo some fluctuations, or their activities are declining year after year. As far as etiology is concerned, pneumococcus always takes the first place, then come Haemophilus influenzae and Meningococcus.
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PMID:[Surveillance of the sensitivity of antibiotics to the principal germs responsible for purulent meningitis at the University Hospital Center in Treichville from 1986 to 1991]. 133 94

Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are currently the agents of first choice for empiric treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Further studies are necessary to determine the optimal antibiotic therapy for meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates relatively or fully resistant to penicillin. The Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines undoubtedly will alter the relative importance of the three common meningeal pathogens in pediatrics and make additional studies of the adjunctive use of dexamethasone in the treatment of bacterial meningitis even more critical.
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PMID:New aspects of prevention and therapy of meningitis. 157 18

Cefotaxime and other cephalosporins were retrospectively evaluated for the treatment of meningitis and non-central nervous system (CNS) infections due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Between January 1985 and February 1989, 45 cases of meningitis and 27 cases of non-CNS infection due to ampicillin-resistant Hib were documented at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston. Of the 45 children with meningitis, 26 (57.8%) were treated with cefotaxime, 11 (24.4%) with chloramphenicol, and three (6.7%) with cefuroxime; five children (11.1%) were initially given chloramphenicol but later received cefotaxime instead. In addition, 14 chloramphenicol-treated patients from a previous study were included in this analysis. There were no significant differences in terms of neurologic sequelae or other complications (except diarrhea) between the cefotaxime and chloramphenicol groups. The efficacy of cefotaxime was equivalent to that of chloramphenicol for the treatment of ampicillin-resistant Hib meningitis. Cefuroxime was as safe and effective as chloramphenicol or cefotaxime for the treatment of non-CNS infections due to ampicillin-resistant Hib.
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PMID:Treatment of meningitis and other infections due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b in children. 204 48

Synergy between cefotaxime and desacetyl-cefotaxime was evaluated against 12 strains (9 Enterobacteriaceae and 3 Bacteroides fragilis) by the chequerboard technique. A 1:1 combination of cefotaxime and desacetyl-cefotaxime was synergistic against two-thirds of the 12 strains tested. The in vitro activity of the combination was compared with that of four other beta-lactam antibiotics against 96 recent clinical isolates: 78 Enterobacteriaceae, 8 Haemophilus influenzae, 10 B. fragilis. The MICs of the combination for Gram-negative bacilli were similar to those of ceftazidime. Cefotaxime/desacetyl-cefotaxime was more active than cefotetan, cefonicid and piperacillin against Enterobacteriaceae and H. influenzae.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of combined cefotaxime and desacetyl-cefotaxime against aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. 213 5

Third-generation cephalosporins are important additions to the range of antibiotics available for treating children with serious bacterial infections. They are highly active against the common pathogens, which cause bacterial meningitis in children. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol, and Streptococcus pneumoniae relatively resistant to penicillin remain susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, as well as the other more common gram-negative bacilli isolated from neonates and children are susceptible to these agents. However, Listeria monocytogenes is not cephalosporin-sensitive. Ceftazidime is the only third-generation cephalosporin useful for treating serious infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children. As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, the clearance of cephalosporins is prolonged in neonates, particularly premature babies. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are equivalent to ampicillin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children over two to three months of age with respect to neurologic outcome and safety, despite the in vitro activity of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone being much greater than the standard antibiotics for the meningeal pathogens. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are effective in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections in children. In many instances, ceftriaxone can be administered once daily, which allows for more convenient therapy, particularly on an outpatient basis. Although controversial, ceftazidime has been used as single-agent therapy for empiric treatment of neutropenic immunocompromised children with fever.
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PMID:Serious pediatric infections. 218 5

One hundred and eighty-seven children with identified bacterial meningitis were treated with intravenous cefotaxime: 15 patients were neonates, 79 infants, and 93 were aged from 1 to 14 years. Causative organisms were: Neisseria meningitidis in 80 cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 41, Haemophilus influenzae in 40, enteric gram-negative bacilli in 20 and Staphylococcus spp. in six. Enteric gram-negative bacilli included: Salmonella spp. in 14 cases, Klebsiella pneumoniae in two, and Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakazakii and Acinobacter calcoaceticus in one each; in one case the organism was not specified. Daily dose of cefotaxime was 150 to 300 mg/kg. Concomitant treatment with an aminoglycoside was used in seven cases. One hundred and seventy-two patients (92.0%) were cured. Fever persisted for a mean of five days and meningeal signs for a mean of four days. Fifteen (8.0%) patients died: most [13] of them were admitted in coma, and two in shock. Death occurred in the first 48 h in ten cases. Sterilization of CSF was achieved in the first 72 h of treatment in 155 (90.1%) of the cured patients. Cefotaxime was well tolerated. CSF penetration of cefotaxime was evaluated in seven patients: concentrations ranged from 0.499 mg/l to 2.829 mg/l. Based on this clinical study, cefotaxime is an effective and safe drug for the treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:Treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis. 268 53

A report is given on two children suffering from meningitis caused by ampicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistent Haemophilus influenzae. Since effective therapy has been started with delay, recovery was affected with complications. The need for the early determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations and detection of beta-lactamase-production is emphasized as well as for repeated measurement of C-reactive protein in serum. Cefotaxime is recommended in case of presence of resistent Haemophilusstrains.
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PMID:[Purulent meningitis in childhood caused by Haemophilus influenzae with ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistance]. 277 Jan 24

The in vitro antibacterial potencies of A-56619 and A-56620, two new aryl-fluoroquinolones, were compared with the potency of norfloxacin against a broad spectrum of organisms. Cefotaxime, aztreonam, piperacillin, imipenem, penicillin, and gentamicin were also tested for reference purposes. The MICs required to inhibit at least 90% of the strains tested ranged from 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml for A-56619 and from 0.06 to 0.5 microgram/ml for A-56620 for members of the Enterobacteriaceae. A-56619 was generally twofold less potent and A-56620 was twofold more potent than norfloxacin against most aerobic gram-negative bacilli, including members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against indole-positive Proteus, Morganella, Providencia rettgeri, and Serratia strains, A-56619 was at least 8- to 16-fold less potent than norfloxacin. A-56619 and A-56620 were four- to eightfold more potent than norfloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and equally potent to fourfold more potent against Streptococcus species, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The MICs of A-56619 and A-56620 were only slightly affected by increased inoculum size or by the addition of various cations at physiologic concentrations. A-56619 was three- to fivefold less active at pH 8.0 than at pH 6.5 or 7.2. A-56620 was twofold less active at pH 6.5 than at pH 8.0 or 7.2 against members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; similar pH variations did not affect A-56620 activity against gram-positive cocci. The potencies of A-56619, A-56620, and norfloxacin were less in urine than in Mueller-Hinton broth; however, this effect was more pronounced with norfloxacin. Human serum at a concentration of 50% caused a 4- to 64- fold decrease in the potency of A-56619 and an average 4-fold decrease in the potency of A-56620, compared with no effect on the potency of norfloxacin. A-56619, A-56620, and norfloxacin were bactericidal and, at four times the MIC, reduced the viable cell counts of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by approximately 99.9% within 2 h. A-56619, A-56620, and norfloxacin showed no significant synergistic activity and no antagonism when they were aminoglycoside or beta-lactam antimicrobial agents.
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PMID:In vitro evaluation of A-56619 (difloxacin) and A-56620: new aryl-fluoroquinolones. 308 74


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