Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae does occur now in the FRG. In one isolate a plasmid with resistance genes (R-factor) could be demonstrated as cause of the ampicillin resistance. This R-factor influences production of a beta-lactamase of the TEM type which destroys ampicillin. The infectious nature of the ampicillin resistance was proven by the fact that it was transferable to other bacterial species through cocultivation. Parallel to ampicillin resistance tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae has occurred in the FRG. Here the resistance was equally bound to plasmids. These R-factors are infectious as well. Molecular analysis of the 3 isolated resistance factors in Haemophilus influenzae showed that they carry the same resistance genes which are known from R-factors of Enterobacteriaceae. In the therapy of purulent infections due to Haemophilus influenzae such as childhood meningitis one can no longer rely on general ampicillin sensitivity of the offender. Apart from ampicillin and tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae chloramphenicol resistance has been observed in a few cases.
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PMID:[Infectious resistance to antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae (author's transl)]. 30 40

In the second European survey of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae, 2529 clinical isolates collected in 1988/89 from 78 laboratories in nine countries (Austria, Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom) were examined. Of these, 23.8% were type b strains. The overall rate of beta-lactamase production was 9.1%, being slightly higher in type b isolates (10.5%) compared to non-type b isolates (8.6%). The MICs of six antimicrobials (ampicillin, cefaclor, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole) were determined by an agar dilution procedure at a single central laboratory. The proportion of isolates resistant to the antimicrobials varied considerably amongst the individual countries. The highest incidence of resistance to all six drugs was observed in strains collected in Spain, whereas resistance was rarely encountered among strains isolated in Austria and the FRG. Resistance to ampicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 4 mg/l) among strains that lacked beta-lactamase activity was uncommon (0.3%). Based on the NCCLS Haemophilus influenzae breakpoints, the rates of susceptibility and resistance to cefaclor, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole were 96.4/1.5, 96.2/2.8, 92.4/4.7, and 87.9/7.3%, respectively. The rate of susceptibility and resistance to erythromycin was 2.3/19.9. Multiple resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole was observed in 15 isolates (0.6%), and resistance to three drugs simultaneously in 72 (1.5%). The incidence of beta-lactamase producing strains was similar to that seen in the first European study performed in 1986 (9.1% vs. 10.9%), and was half that observed in US isolates collected in 1986.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The Second European Collaborative Study on the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. 208 16

The first European survey of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae was conducted between February and October 1986. Eighty laboratories in nine countries participated (Austria, Belgium, France, FRG, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK). A total of 1,961 clinical isolates was examined for type b encapsulation, beta-lactamase production and susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefaclor, erythromycin and tetracycline, using a unique microdilution method. The proportion of isolates resistant to these antibiotics varied considerably between individual countries. The highest prevalence of ampicillin resistance was found in Spain (30.6%), and the lowest in the FRG (1.6%), with a mean value of 10% for all countries. Chloramphenicol resistance was highest in Spain (24.9%) and Belgium (10.9%) and lowest in The Netherlands (0.6%) and Austria (0.5%), with a mean value of 4.7%. Resistance to erythromycin ranged from 27% of the isolates in The Netherlands to 1.1% in Austria. For tetracycline, values ranged from 1.5% in the UK to 17.8% in Belgium and 25.4% in Spain. The lowest mean prevalence of resistance was observed for cefaclor (breakpoint 8 mg/l): 5% or less in all countries. These inter-country differences could only partially be explained by variations in the proportion of type b strains, the source of the isolates and the mode of collection.
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PMID:Distribution and resistance patterns of Haemophilus influenzae: a European cooperative study. 313 70

In 5 Mediterranean countries 7902 pathogens, all isolated in 1992 and 1993 from community-acquired infections, were studied for susceptibility to the following orally active antibiotics: penicillin G, ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, amoxycillin + clavulanic acid (both 2:1 ratio), cefalexin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefetamet, doxycycline and erythromycin. Ten centers in Italy, 4 centers in Greece, 3 centers in Spain, and 1 center in Lebanon and Saudi Arabia contributed to this study; all centers used performed standardized microtiter panels (Sceptor, BBL, Heidelberg, FRG). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 1267), Proteus mirabilis (n = 843), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 771), enteric Salmonella spp. (n = 629), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 486), Citrobacter freundii (n = 383), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 346), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 298), Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 294), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 246), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 243), and Shigella spp. (n = 185). Statistical analysis was performed for each of the above countries and for all pooled data available. The penicillin antibiotics were the most active compounds against the gram-positive cocci, exceeding the MIC90 values 2- to 8-fold over all cephalosporins. Regarding the gram-negatives (above all Klebsiella spp.) cefetamet was by far the most active compound (MIC90 = 1 mg/l). Regarding the percentage of resistant isolates, there were no striking discrepancies between the centers and countries involved in this study. There was, however, complete cross-resistance in penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates (MIC90 = 2 mg/l). By far the majority of the penicillin-resistant pneumococci showed additional resistance to doxycycline and erythromycin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of orally active antibiotics against community-acquired pathogens: a multi-center study in five Mediterranean countries. 762 52