Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study was undertaken over a period of six months to determine the spectrum of infection, sensitivity of organisms isolated, and suitability of antibiotics chosen in 520 consecutive patients admitted to a paediatric unit. Culture and sensitivity of stool, urine and blood yielded 752 isolates; in 147 cases, more than one pathogen was isolated from the same or different sites. High rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and kanamycin were seen in salmonellae other than Salmonella typhi, which differed in retaining its original sensitive susceptibility profile. Most Enterobacteria were sensitive to gentamicin. Penicillin-resistance was seen in 9% of meningococci, and several Haemophilus influenzae strains (20%) were resistant to ampicillin. Methicillin-resistance was encountered in 13% of Staphylococcus aureus strains and 17% of pneumococci were resistant to penicillin G. The sensitivity pattern of organisms isolated was probably directly related to widespread use of antibiotics.
 ...
PMID:The spectrum of infection and sensitivity of organisms isolated from African and Indian children in a Durban hospital. 70 38

The in vitro activity of fleroxacin, a new trifluorinated quinolone was evaluated against 432 bacterial isolates. Fleroxacin was 1- to 2-fold less active than ciprofloxacin and at least as active as ofloxacin and lomefloxacin against most members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The MICs of fleroxacin for 90% of strains tested (MIC90) were < or = 0.25 micrograms/ml against all isolates of Enterobacteriaceae except Citrobacter freundii (MIC90, 4 micrograms/ml) and Serratia marcescens (MIC90, 2 micrograms/ml). Fleroxacin was as active as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and lomefloxacin against Pseudomonas spp, (MIC90 for all quinolones tested were > 8 micrograms/ml). Acinetobacter and Haemophilus influenzae were very susceptible to fleroxacin; however fleroxacin was 1-fold less active than lomefloxacin against Acinetobacter and at least 1-fold less active than ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin against H. influenzae. Methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-susceptible strains of S. aureus were very susceptible to fleroxacin, with an MIC90 < or = 1 microgram/ml (range 0.5-1 microgram/ml). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Staphylococcus spp. other than aureus and epidermidis were not susceptible to fleroxacin (MIC90 > 8 micrograms/ml). In addition, fleroxacin as well as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and lomefloxacin were inactive against Enterococcus spp. (MIC90 > 8 micrograms/ml). Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes were resistant to both fleroxacin and lomefloxacin but were very susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. These results suggest that fleroxacin represents a valid therapeutic option in the treatment of infections caused by most Enterobacteriaceae and some species of staphylococcus.
 ...
PMID:The comparative activity of fleroxacin, three other quinolones and eight unrelated antimicrobial agents. 133 7

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for major oral antibacterial agents for clinically isolated microbial strains from materials collected from outpatients with respiratory tract infections in 1988, 1989 and 1990, and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) appeared to be responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections, but there also was a tendency showing that MRSA increased year by year. 2. A tendency was observed indicating that benzylpenicillin (PCG)-insensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae (PISP) increased year by year. 3. Beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae were observed in a certain ratio, and also those of Branhamella catarrhalis were found in high ratios. 4. A tendency of increasing resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to new quinolones was observed. 5. It is of a great importance to evaluate methods of selecting primary choice antibiotic agents since increasing numbers of new oral antibacterial agents are becoming rapidly available.
 ...
PMID:[Antimicrobial activities of major oral antibacterial agents against clinically isolated microbial strains from outpatients with respiratory tract infection]. 143 4

An important obstacle to the long-term efficacy of an antimicrobial agent is the appearance and spread of resistance to the agent. The fact that many antimicrobials are produced by microorganisms in nature may provide long-term selective pressure for the emergence of resistance in antibiotic-producing as well as -nonproducing organisms. Indeed, the rapidity with which many resistances have appeared after the introduction of a new antibiotic suggests that these resistance genes were already present somewhere in nature prior to clinical use. In the hospital setting, the most recent worrisome resistance traits to emerge include plasmid-mediated resistance to imipenem and to third-generation cephalosporins among nosocomial gram-negative bacteria, and the acquisition of resistance to vancomycin by enterococci. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci continue to be a problem and are increasingly resistant to numerous other agents such as rifampin and the newer fluoroquinolones. The most important resistances seen in community-acquired organisms include beta-lactam resistance in pneumococci and combined ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Shigellae resistant to essentially all commonly used oral agents are also a problem, particularly in developing countries. No end is in sight to the problem of antimicrobial resistance, and thus new strategies to prevent infections and control resistant organisms continue to be necessary.
 ...
PMID:Problems and dilemmas of antimicrobial resistance. 148 May 4

Panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP) is a mixture of panipenem (PAPM), carbapenem antibiotic, and betamipron (BP), N-benzoyl-beta-alanine. The adverse reaction to PAPM of the kidney is reduced by the addition of BP to PAPM which inhibits the anion transport in the kidney tubules. We studied the pharmacokinetics and the clinical efficacies of PAPM/BP in children and we evaluated the antibacterial activities of PAPM by determining MIC values of PAPM in vitro against organisms isolated in our children's hospital from January to December, 1990. 1. Pharmacokinetics 10 mg/kg of PAPM/BP (10 mg PAPM/10 mg BP) was administered intravenously by drip infusion to 7 children. The mean blood concentration of PAPM was 14.8 micrograms/ml at the peak, and the mean half life was 0.9 hours in blood. PAPM was not detected in blood 3 hours after the time when the peak values were attained. 2. Clinical studies 10 mg/kg of PAPM/BP was administered intravenously 3 times a day to 18 cases including 15 of respiratory infections, 2 of otitis media and 1 of sepsis. The clinical efficacies of PAPM/BP were excellent or good in 17 out of the 18 cases. All causative organisms isolated in 5 cases, Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (1 case), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Haemophilus influenzae (2) and Branhamella catarrhalis (1) were eradicated in a few days upon the administrations of PAPM/BP. No adverse reactions due to PAPM/BP were observed, but a slight elevation of platelet counts in blood was observed in 1 case, which was normalized soon after the end of the treatment. 3. Antibacterial activities in vitro(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies of panipenem/betamipron in the pediatric field]. 151 28

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is increasing in pediatric pathogens. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and in S. epidermidis, and erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci are becoming major problems. Fortunately, all three species remain susceptible to vancomycin. In certain parts of the world, Haemophilus influenzae b that are resistant to a number of antibiotics are being recognized. Antibiotic therapy of pediatric infections in the future will continue to rely on yet-to-be developed agents.
 ...
PMID:Antibiotic resistance in pediatric pathogens. 157 16

In a 5-year prospective study in a Hong Kong teaching hospital there were 344 clinically significant episodes of paediatric septicaemia. Many of the microbiological and clinical features were similar to those reported in Japanese and Western studies but there were some important differences. Half of the episodes (or 70% if neonatal infections are excluded) were community-acquired. The commonest organisms found were Salmonella spp (15% of all and 27% of community-acquired infections); this was related to the high local incidence of salmonellosis and typhoid fever. Salmonella typhi, which was responsible for one-third of the salmonella septicaemias, was usually seen in school-age children, while non-typhoid salmonellae were common in infants. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which are now endemic in Hong Kong hospitals, was a common cause of hospital-acquired septicaemia. Pneumococcal septicaemia accounted for 22% of episodes in infants and pre-school children, but Haemophilus influenzae was uncommon (2% of all episodes) and there was no case of meningococcal septicaemia. The rarity of invasive infection with H. influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis in Hong Kong children is unexplained.
 ...
PMID:A five-year prospective study of septicaemia in hospitalized children in Hong Kong. 194 6

Imipenem proved highly active against Enterobacteriaceae: the different bacterial groups exhibited similar mode MICs (0.12 to 0.25 micrograms/ml), except for Serratia (0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml), Proteus mirabilis (0.5 micrograms/ml), indole-positive Proteus (2 micrograms/ml) and Providencia (1 mu/ml). The MICs of cefotaxime-resistant strains (cephalosporinase hyperproducing or very broad spectrum betalactamase producing) were within the susceptibility range. Imipenem also exhibited satisfactory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mode MIC 1-2 micrograms/ml), although resistant strains by decrease of permeability were observed, and against Acinetobacter (mode MIC 0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml). The MICs ranged from 0.03 to 4 micrograms/ml (mode MIC 0.5) for Haemophilus and from 0.25 to 1 micrograms/ml for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, regardless of the betalactamase producing status. The MICs for N. meningitidis were less than 0.06 micrograms/ml. Methicillin-susceptible staphylococci had low MICs ranging from 0.008 to 0.5 micrograms/ml (mode MIC 0.016). The MICs for methicillin-resistant strains varied widely from 0.016 to 64 micrograms/ml and were higher after incubation at 30 degrees C. Streptococci and pneumococci were highly susceptible (usually 0.008 to 0.03 micrograms/ml). The MICs for enterococci varied from 0.12 to 32 micrograms/ml (mode MIC 1-2). With the exception of Clostridium difficile, anaerobic bacteria were inhibited by concentrations lower than 1 (mode MIC 0.06 for C. Perfringens and 0.03 for Bacteroides fragilis).
 ...
PMID:[In vitro activity of imipenem against hospital bacteria]. 213 36

The results of in vitro and in vivo studies of cefmetazole, a second-generation cephamycin, were reviewed. Cefmetazole's spectrum of activity includes clinical coverage of many Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, streptococci, Haemophilus species, pathogenic Neisseria organisms, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and anaerobic bacteria. Cefmetazole is generally two to eight times more potent than cefoxitin against organisms within their spectra and is most active against staphylococci (minimal inhibitory concentration90 = 2.0 micrograms/mL). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains are more susceptible to cefmetazole, alone or in combination with fosfomycin, than to any other cephamycins, and cefmetazole is remarkably resistant to the beta-lactamases produced by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The incidence of adverse drug reactions is low (8.8% in the United States, 2.2% in Japan), and the drug has been demonstrated to have cost-containment potential.
 ...
PMID:Role of new cephamycins in the management of obstetric and gynecologic infections. 227 75

In vitro and in vivo study results were reviewed from cefmetazole, a "new" parenteral cephamycin. Cefmetazole's spectrum of activity was comparable to that of second-generation cephalosporins, which includes clinical coverage of many Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus spp., streptococci, Haemophilus spp., pathogenic Neisseria, Branhamella catarrhalis, and anaerobic bacteria. Cefmetazole was generally more potent (two- to eightfold) than cefoxitin against organisms within their spectrums and was particularly active for staphylococci (MIC90, 2.0 micrograms/ml). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were more susceptible to cefmetazole alone or in combination (fosfomycin) than any other cephamycin. Cefmetazole has demonstrated excellent stability to aerobic and anaerobic organism-produced beta-lactamases. It also inhibits Type I cephalosporinases and, uniquely, some other cephalosporinases produced by the Bacteroides. This superior stability, enzyme interaction, and better penetration into bacterial cells results in a sustained bactericidal effect and a capacity for more infrequent dosing. The cefmetazole serum elimination half-life was 1.5 hr, also justifying use at greater than or equal to 8-hr intervals. Clinical trials in the United States and Japan demonstrated an acceptably high cefmetazole infection cure rate (88% to 100%), especially in direct comparative studies with cefoxitin. Cefmetazole was also proven very effective in minimizing infectious wound morbidity (prophylaxis) using 2 g single- or multidose regimens. Adverse drug reactions were usually minor; in the Japanese surveillance trial (118,318 patients) the rate was only 2.2% (8.8% in United States). Cefmetazole has been extensively and safely used in Japan since 1980.
 ...
PMID:Cefmetazole (CS-1170), a "new" cephamycin with a decade of clinical experience. 269 50


1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>