Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity in vitro of clarithromycin, a new macrolide, was compared to that of various antibiotics in tests using 3,880 clinical isolates. Clarithromycin was two times more active than erythromycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, streptococci of groups C, G and F, Brucella melitensis, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma spp., 16 times more active against Ureaplasma urealyticum and 2 to 4 times less active against Campylobacter spp. In general, clarithromycin showed intrinsic activity 2 to 4 times higher than that of roxithromycin and 4 to 8 times higher than that of miocamycin. Cross-resistance was found between the macrolides. Clarithromycin was bactericidal against Streptococcus spp. and Haemophilus influenzae.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992 Sep
PMID:Comparative in vitro activity of clarithromycin. Spanish Collaborative Group. 146 30

High proximity in daycare centers is a well established risk factor for upper respiratory tract infections as well as Haemophilus influenza meningitis. Many studies have also reported the development of gastroenteritis as well as hepatitis A outbreaks in daycare centers; however, because of lack of controls, these studies do not provide enough information about the excess of risk attributable to daycare attendance. Main risk factors such as age, or seasons, are still very important in daycare centers and studies have also shown that a protection occurs rapidly after the beginning of attendance, may be in relation to the stimulation of the non-specific immunity. All these results do not provide enough data to implement a rational intervention project. More studies have to be carried out to assess the long term consequences (at school age for instance) of these infections. In order to make a rational decision regarding daycare attendance, it is important to have a global assessment of all the effects related to attendance (which are numerous and sometimes opposite); studies focusing on a single aspect of daycare attendance, or on its short term effect, may result in partial and misleading conclusions.
Rev Prat 1992 Sep 15
PMID:[Infectious risk in day-nursery children]. 148 Sep 40

The high-level streptomycin resistance strA1 gene of Haemophilus influenzae Rd was cloned in plasmid pAT4 as a 2.1-kbp EcoRI insert. It was later replaced in pAT4 by the wild-type strA+ gene. Plasmid pAT4 carrying the strA+ gene is highly unstable and renders chromosomally resistant recipients sensitive to streptomycin. The strA+ gene and the instability factor both reside on a 500-base HindIII-EcoRI subfragment. The two biological activities are also expressed in Escherichia coli. Both wild-type (strA+) and mutant (strA1) genes were sequenced. They show considerable nucleotide homology with the E. coli strA+ gene and its product.
J Bacteriol 1992 Sep
PMID:Cloning, characterization, and DNA base sequence of the high-level streptomycin resistance gene strA1 of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. 151 95

A polyribosylribitol phosphate (polysaccharide)-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was evaluated for safety and efficacy after vaccination of more than 100,000 infants. No major side effects were attributed to the vaccine. Immunogenicity studies showed an antibody response in 70% to 100% of infants after two doses, and in 98% to 100% of infants after three doses, within the first 6 months of life. Antibodies persisted in 90% of recipients, in whom significant anamnestic responses developed after a booster dose at 18 months of age. In comparison with other available Hib vaccines, PRP-T induces equal or higher mean titers after three doses. Although licensure of other vaccines interrupted controlled efficacy trials, up to that point five cases of Hib disease in those trials had occurred in placebo recipients, and no Hib disease has been reported in the more than 100,000 vaccinated infants who have received more than one dose of PRP-T. Thus PRP-T combined immunogenicity early in life with induction of immunologic memory.
J Pediatr 1992 Sep
PMID:Efficacy and safety of a Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine. 151 8

To determine the bacteriologic cause of acute sinusitis, a sample of sinus secretions must be obtained from one of the paranasal sinuses without contamination by normal respiratory or oral flora that colonize mucosal surfaces. When maxillary sinus aspiration is performed on children who have signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis, bacteria are recovered in high density from 70%. In patients with acute, subacute, or chronic sinusitis who are generally well except for persistent respiratory symptoms, of nasal discharge or cough or both, the usual bacterial isolates are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, an Moraxella catarrhalis. In contrast, anaerobic organisms and staphylococci should be suspected in patients who have very long-standing symptoms or in those whose symptoms are so severe or complicated that sinus surgery is undertaken.
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992 Sep
PMID:Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children. 152 36

Pretreatment sinus puncture was performed on 339 patients with acute community-acquired sinusitis (ACAS) between 1975 and 1990. Bacterial species recovered in titers of greater than or equal to 10(4) colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) from 383 sinus aspirates included Streptococcus pneumoniae, 92 (41%); Haemophilus influenzae, 79 (35%); anaerobes, 17 (7%); streptococcal species, 16 (7%); Moraxella catarrhalis, 8 (4%); Staphylococcus aureus, 7 (33%); and other, 8 (4%). Viruses (rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus) and fungi (Aspergillus, zygomycoses, Phaeohyphomycis, Pseudallescheria, and Hyalohyphomycis) have also been reported to cause ACAS. Posttreatment sinus puncture was performed on 220 of the 339 patients in six studies to evaluate efficacy of selected antimicrobial agents in producing bacteriologic cure. Ampicillin, 500 mg four times daily; amoxicillin, 500 mg three times daily; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, twice a day; cefaclor, 500 mg four times daily; bacampicillin, 800 mg twice a day; cyclacillin, 500 mg three times a day; cefuroxime axetil, 250 mg twice daily; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 500/125 three times daily; and loracarbef 400 mg twice daily, given in 10-day courses, produced bacteriologic cure in more than 90% of patients. Early studies were done before beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae were a frequent cause of ACAS in Charlottesville. Management of therapeutic failures is a difficult problem for which diagnostic and therapeutic sinus puncture and lavage, prolonged antimicrobial therapy, steroid therapy, and evaluation of allergy, immunodeficiency, and surgically correctable lesions of the osteomeatal complex are recommended.
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992 Sep
PMID:The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies. 152 37

The mainstay of medical therapy for acute and subacute sinusitis is the selection of an antimicrobial agent based on an appreciation of the usual bacterial pathogens that include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Amoxicillin is appropriate therapy for patients with uncomplicated sinusitis in geographic areas in which the prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing pathogens is less than 20%. If a patient does not respond to amoxicillin or in areas in which there is a high prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing bacterial species, alternative antimicrobials include amoxicillin-clavulanate, erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, and cefixime. Cefixime, which is less active against S. pneumoniae than most of these antimicrobials, should be reserved for patients who do not improve with amoxicillin. Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, cefuroxime axetil, and erythromycin-sulfisoxazole have the most comprehensive antibacterial spectra.
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992 Sep
PMID:Antimicrobial therapy of pediatric patients with sinusitis. 152 39

A Haemophilus influenzae strain carrying a competence-enhancing mutation (sxy-1) was selected by transformation of a mutagenized culture in exponential growth at low cell density, where spontaneous competence is very rare. Under these conditions, sxy-1 cells spontaneously transformed 100 to 1,000 times more efficiently than wild-type cells. Moreover, sxy-1 cells responded to all known competence-inducing treatments with further increases in transformation frequency. At high cell densities, sxy-1 cells spontaneously developed the level of competence reached by wild-type cells only after maximal induction by transfer to starvation medium. The sxy-1 mutation appears to act early in the sequence of events leading to competence; it increased the competence of cells carrying the early-acting transformation-defective (Tfo-) mutation tfo-98 by as large a factor as it did the competence of wild-type cells, but it had no effect when combined with another early-acting Tfo- mutation (tfo-87) or with the late-acting Tfo- mutation rec-2.
J Bacteriol 1991 Sep
PMID:sxy-1, a Haemophilus influenzae mutation causing greatly enhanced spontaneous competence. 165 15

Azithromycin contains an aza-methyl substitution in the 15-membered aglycone ring and as such it is the prototype antibiotic of the azalide class, similar in mechanism of activity to the macrolides. It demonstrates a broad spectrum of activity against many aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive species, and also inhibits a number of important aerobic and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Significantly, azithromycin shows good activity against Haemophilus influenzae, an organism against which older macrolide antibiotics have proved disappointing. It is highly effective in inhibiting clinically significant intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Legionella. Bactericidal activity is seen for certain streptococci and for H. influenzae. Closely linked with azithromycin's microbiologic activity are its novel pharmacokinetics. Azithromycin moves rapidly from blood to tissue compartments where it remains for prolonged periods. Although serum concentrations remain low, the levels attained in the tissues (often greater than 2 mg/kg) are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for many common pathogens, and delivery of drug to infection sites by phagocytic cells contributes to these concentrations. This penetration into eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells may be responsible for azithromycin's expanded spectrum of activity, particularly against intracellular organisms. The use of antibiotic blood levels as breakpoints for susceptibility would appear to be inappropriate in the case of azalides. Rather, levels of drug at the tissue site of infection should be considered as guides to predicting efficacy. The in vitro activity of azithromycin, together with its unique tissue pharmacodynamics, define an agent that should demonstrate utility in infections of the respiratory tract, skin and skin structures, and certain sexually transmitted diseases.
Am J Med 1991 Sep 12
PMID:Clinical microbiology of azithromycin. 165 36

This was a randomized, third-party-blinded, multicenter study that compared once-daily azithromycin (500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg on days 2-5) to cefaclor (500 mg three times daily for 10 days) in the treatment of patients with acute bronchitis or pneumonia. A total of 546 patients were entered into the study and 272 patients were evaluable for efficacy analysis. Of these, 249 (176 azithromycin, 73 cefaclor) had bronchitis and 23 (15 azithromycin, 8 cefaclor) had pneumonia. The combined clinical cure and improvement rate, as determined by the investigator, was 96% for azithromycin and 94% for cefaclor, with 88% bacteriologic eradication in both treatment groups. The elimination of Haemophilus influenzae was significantly better with azithromycin (94.5%) than with cefaclor (61.1%) (p less than 0.001; Fisher's exact two-tail test). The two antibiotics were well tolerated during this study; the incidence of side effects reported was similar for azithromycin and cefaclor. Approximately two thirds of the side effects were mild. Only minor abnormalities in the screening laboratory tests were noted. This study shows that a 5-day course of once-daily azithromycin is as effective as a 10-day three times daily course of cefaclor in the treatment of patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections.
Am J Med 1991 Sep 12
PMID:Multicenter evaluation of azithromycin and cefaclor in acute lower respiratory tract infections. 165 40


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>