Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a multicentre study, 220 consecutive cases of bacterial meningitis in children older than 3 months were randomised to treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin (initially with chloramphenicol), cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone. The drugs were given in four equal daily doses for 7 days, except ceftriaxone which was given only once daily. 200 cases could be assessed; the causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in 146; meningococci (Mnc) in 32; pneumococci (Pnc) in 13; and other or unknown in 9. In patients with Hib meningitis, sterilisation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurred most rapidly with ceftriaxone. Otherwise, in terms of overall clinical recovery, normalisation of laboratory indices, clinically significant adverse reactions, toxic effects, sequelae, and mortality rate, the treatment groups were very similar. However, there were 4 bacteriological failures, all in the chloramphenicol group. Also, the treatment was extended or changed in more cases in the chloramphenicol group than in the other groups. Chloramphenicol was thus inferior to the other three antimicrobials. Ampicillin is a good and cheap alternative, but there are difficulties with resistance. Easy administration tempts the use of ceftriaxone rather than cefotaxime but it causes diarrhoea. A 7-day course of ampicillin, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone is sufficient in Hib, Mnc, or Pnc meningitis.
 ...
PMID:Randomised comparison of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone for childhood bacterial meningitis. Finnish Study Group. 257 Sep 41

The activities of ampicillin, cefaclor, cephalothin, and cefuroxime against invasive clinical isolates of Haemophilus infleunzae were studied to determine the correlation between resistance and beta-lactamase production. Approaches to in vitro susceptibility testing of cephalosporins in the clinical laboratory were also assessed. Three hundred and eight isolates of H. influenzae were tested for ampicillin susceptibility, and those which required for inhibition greater than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml of ampicillin were tested for beta-lactamase production with a chromogenic cephalosporin. Twenty-two percent of isolates produced beta-lactamase and 85% were serotype b. All isolates considered resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 2.0 micrograms/ml) to ampicillin produced beta-lactamase. A single beta-lactamase-producing isolate was identified, but was inhibited by 1.0 microgram/ml of ampicillin, and a zone diameter of 20 mm was produced by disk diffusion testing. One hundred and ninety-seven isolates were tested for susceptibility to cefaclor, cefuroxime, and cephalothin. Chloramphenicol susceptibility testing by disk diffusion was also performed on these isolates. General agreement and interchangeable results were found among these three cephalosporins by both agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. We conclude that ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae not producing beta-lactamase is rare among these isolates of H. influenzae responsible for invasive disease. Susceptibility testing results of cephalothin, cefaclor, or cefuroxime appear to be interchangeable, although results of cephalothin testing would tend to underestimate the activities of cefaclor or cefuroxime.
 ...
PMID:Antimicrobial activities and susceptibility testing considerations of ampicillin, cephalothin, cefaclor, and cefuroxime against invasive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. 278 68

The first European survey of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae was conducted between February and October 1986. Eighty laboratories in nine countries participated (Austria, Belgium, France, FRG, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK). A total of 1,961 clinical isolates was examined for type b encapsulation, beta-lactamase production and susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefaclor, erythromycin and tetracycline, using a unique microdilution method. The proportion of isolates resistant to these antibiotics varied considerably between individual countries. The highest prevalence of ampicillin resistance was found in Spain (30.6%), and the lowest in the FRG (1.6%), with a mean value of 10% for all countries. Chloramphenicol resistance was highest in Spain (24.9%) and Belgium (10.9%) and lowest in The Netherlands (0.6%) and Austria (0.5%), with a mean value of 4.7%. Resistance to erythromycin ranged from 27% of the isolates in The Netherlands to 1.1% in Austria. For tetracycline, values ranged from 1.5% in the UK to 17.8% in Belgium and 25.4% in Spain. The lowest mean prevalence of resistance was observed for cefaclor (breakpoint 8 mg/l): 5% or less in all countries. These inter-country differences could only partially be explained by variations in the proportion of type b strains, the source of the isolates and the mode of collection.
 ...
PMID:Distribution and resistance patterns of Haemophilus influenzae: a European cooperative study. 313 70

Chloramphenicol, despite its well-recognized toxic side effects, is a cheap and useful antibiotic in the management of meningitis, typhoid, brain abscess and severe Haemophilus influenza infections. Where possible, drug levels should be monitored.
 ...
PMID:Clinicians' guide to antibiotics. Chloramphenicol. 328 62

Hemophilus influenzae type B is no longer considered a rare cause of adult meningitis. Clinical presentation is no different from that of other types of bacterial meningitis. When H influenzae is suspected on the basis of CSF examination, the preferred treatment is chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) with or without ampicillin until ampicillin susceptibility or beta-lactamase production is determined.
 ...
PMID:Hemophilus influenzae meningitis in an adult. 348 22

We report the results of eye culture specimens, obtained from patients under 20 years of age, submitted to the Bacteriology Department of our institution from January 1 through April 30, 1983. A total of 72 specimens were positive for one or more strains of bacteria. The most commonly isolated bacteria was Hemophilus influenzae (34 strains, 42%), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (11 strains, 13.75%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (9 strains, 11.25%). Mean age of patients with H. influenzae (excluding a 20-year-old patient) was 15 months with standard deviation of 13 months. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline showed excellent in vitro activity against bacteria of all age groups. Tetracycline may prove to be the drug of choice for the treatment of acute conjunctivitis if comparative clinical data support its in vitro superiority.
 ...
PMID:Acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Bacteriology and clinical implications. 348 76

In the present study, five non-beta-lactamase- and five beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae were used to determine whether three different growth media, Mueller-Hinton broth and agar, brain heart infusion broth and agar, and tryptic soy broth and agar, and their added supplements (0.2% hemin-0.1% IsoVitaleX, 1% hemin-1% IsoVitaleX, 2% sheep blood, 10% Fildes enrichment, 5% Fildes enrichment, 1% supplement B, 5% horse erythrocytes, and 2% hemoglobin-1% IsoVitaleX) would influence the growth rate of this microorganism and the antibacterial activity of eight antibiotics, including ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, cefamandole, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and cefoperazone. The growth curve studies were carried out with an initial inoculum of 10(4) bacteria per ml, and MICs were determined with an inoculum of 5 X 10(5) microorganisms. Mueller-Hinton broth, brain heart infusion broth, and tryptic soy broth enriched with 5% Fildes resulted in a maximal growth of more than 10(8) CFU/ml at 24 h. When 10% Fildes or 2% sheep blood was added as enrichment to Mueller-Hinton broth, a considerable reduction in the growth rate of H. influenzae strains resulted (P less than 0.01). Significant variations in MICs (P less than 0.01) were observed with chloramphenicol, TMP-SMX, erythromycin, and cefoperazone when brain heart infusion agar, Mueller-Hinton agar, or tryptic soy agar was used. Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, and TMP-SMX were all affected by the different enrichments added to Mueller-Hinton agar. MICs were in general higher with 5% Fildes enrichment and lower with 1% supplement B. Cefoperazone was the only drug which exhibited a lower MIC in 5% Fildes enrichment for ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae strains.
 ...
PMID:Influence of growth medium and supplement on growth of Haemophilus influenzae and on antibacterial activity of several antibiotics. 349 45

The mechanism of chloramphenicol transport into susceptible strains of Haemophilus influenzae cells has not been reported previously. We examined apparent uptake of chloramphenicol by bacterial cells by using high-pressure liquid chromatography to quantitate drug disappearance from liquid media. Cell-associated chloramphenicol concentration is 1,000-fold greater than the extracellular drug concentration. Under incubation conditions associated with chloramphenicol disappearance from media, cellular protein synthesis was inhibited; however, if accumulation was inhibited, protein synthesis occurred in the presence of the drug. Chloramphenicol uptake appeared saturable (Km = 0.96 mM, Vmax = 0.9 mumol/min per mg of protein) and energy dependent: disappearance from media was markedly decreased by 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, compounds which disrupt the proton motive force. Uptake occurred only in median which can support growth and was dependent upon temperature and pH. Drug accumulation was minimally affected by inhibitors of electron transport or by gentamicin and puromycin, both inhibitors of protein synthesis. The rate of disappearance was inhibited by SCH24893, a fluorinated chloramphenicol analog which also inhibits protein synthesis. We conclude that chloramphenicol accumulation by H. influenzae occurs by energy-dependent transport.
 ...
PMID:Chloramphenicol accumulation by Haemophilus influenzae. 349 47

Haemophilus Influenzae type B is perhaps the most important pathogen in childhood. H.I. is the most common cause of bacterial septic arthritis in children under 2 years of age in the U.S.A. We describe two cases of H.I. septic arthritis and we discuss the the treatment. The antibiotic therapy is invasive H.I. type B disease is in a period of transition. New drugs are available that offer the same therapeutic efficacy as Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol but with decreased toxicity.
 ...
PMID:[Arthritis caused by type B Haemophilus influenzae. Description of 2 cases]. 349 34

Bacterial meningitis is a continuing challenge. This applies especially to infections in the neonate and the elderly, and to those which are hospital acquired. Factors which maintain the high morbidity and significant mortality from this disease include microbial virulence, a limited host response to infection within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where phagocyte function is often impaired and complement and opsonic antibody activity are deficient, as well as delays in diagnosis and treatment. Added to these adverse factors is the pharmacokinetic hurdle of the 'blood-brain barrier', which limits drug concentrations achievable within the CSF. Inflammatory changes certainly improve the penetration of many agents, especially the penicillins and cephalosporins, but it must be remembered that with resolution of inflammation, achievable concentrations decline. Hence, the necessity for continuing parenteral administration of antibiotics throughout the treatment period. Although penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) remains the drug of choice for both pneumococcal and meningococcal infections, increasing resistance to ampicillin among Haemophilus influenzae has lead to greater reliance on alternative agents. Chloramphenicol is widely used, yet is potentially toxic, so that therapy with cefuroxime and the newer cephalosporins has been increasingly advocated. The advent of these potent, broad spectrum cephalosporins has induced a reappraisal of the treatment of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis, where ampicillin resistance and poor CSF penetration by the aminoglycosides have contributed to an unsatisfactory impact on outcome. Agents such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime have proved effective, although greater controlled experience is required. Finally, the contagious nature of meningococcal and H. influenzae infections justifies offering chemoprophylaxis to selected contacts, with rifampicin (or minocycline for contacts of patients with meningococcal infections).
 ...
PMID:Bacterial meningitis. Rational selection and use of antibacterial drugs. 351 75


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>