Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 126 strains of Haemophilus influenzae were examined for susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefaclor, and erythromycin by an agar dilution procedure. Fifty strains (eight type B, 42 non-type B), all with ampicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of greater than or equal to 6.2 micrograms/ml, produced beta-lactamase. The remaining 76 strains (18 type B, 59 non-type B) were beta-lactamase-negative. All of these strains had ampicillin MICs of less than or equal to 0.8 micrograms/ml. The combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (2:1) was highly active against all strains tested. With the exception of two strains with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid MICs of 1.6/0.8 ug/ml, all strains were inhibited by concentrations of less than or equal to 0.8/0.4 ug/ml. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was also found to be highly active (MICs uniformly less than or equal to 0.1/1.9 ug/ml). Cefaclor and erythromycin were the least active of the agents tested. Fourteen strains (10.6%) had cefaclor MICs of greater than 32 ug/ml. Forty-seven strains (35.6%) had erythromycin MICs of greater than 8 micrograms/ml. With the exception of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid beta-lactamase production did not seem to influence the activity of any of the antimicrobials tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, although still well within achievable serum levels, were approximately one twofold dilution higher with beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae type B strains than with beta-lactamase-negative strains.
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PMID:Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, erythromycin, cefaclor, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. 348 92

Eighty-three isolates of ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistant Haemophilus influenzae were tested for susceptibility to fifteen antibiotics by the agar dilution method. Fifty-four were from paediatric patients with H. influenzae disease and 29 from nasopharyngeal carriers (pre-school children). Twenty-five strains belonged to serotype b, one to serotype a, one to serotype c and the rest were non-typable. All strains produced beta-lactamase and inactivated chloramphenicol in a rapid bioassay, suggesting the production of chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase. The most active drugs were ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, latamoxef, aztreonam and desacetyl-cefotaxime (MIC90: 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively). Cefuroxime, rifampicin and imipenem (MIC90 1 mg/l), and the combination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid (MIC90 2:1 mg/l), also showed good activity. Cefaclor, erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and cotrimoxazole were the least active of the drugs studied. The excellent in-vitro activity of the new beta-lactam agents against H. influenzae resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol offers a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of serious infections caused by these micro-organisms.
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PMID:Comparative susceptibilities of ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistant Haemophilus influenzae to fifteen antibiotics. 349 22

An average of 1.4% of the more than 30,000 participants in a treatment study were diagnosed as having acute sinusitis. 62% of all cases of sinusitis arose in patients aged between 15 and 44 years. Treatment with antibiotics is indicated in purulent sinusitis whilst non-purulent sinusitis is treated either with local or systemic antiphlogistic agents. The secondary bacterial infection is usually caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria. In Scandinavia these probably account for 90% of the purulent sinusitis cases whilst Branhamella catarrhalis is responsible for the remaining 10%. Penicillin V is the agent of choice in acute sinusitis. Cefaclor is preferable in combatting H. influenzae. In a double blind study comparing doxycycline to cefaclor in the management of acute sinusitis (108 patients with cefaclor, 105 patients with doxycycline, no difference emerged between the two groups in the subjective assessment of the treatment results. Objective evaluation recorded excellent results for 88% and 83% of the patients in the cefaclor and doxycycline groups, respectively. Side-effects were noted by 7% of the cefaclor and by 13% of the doxycycline patients. The difference between the incidence of side-effects was not statistically significant. Taking into account the treatment results, the side-effects and ecological aspects, cefaclor is second only to penicillin as the agent of choice in suspected or confirmed purulent sinusitis (e. g. in presence of penicillin allergies or failure of the infection to respond to penicillin V).
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PMID:[Acute sinusitis in adults]. 349 8

Cigarette smoking exerts deleterious effects not only on the respiratory tract, but also on the lung's parenchyma. The FEV is reduced in heavy chronic smokers. Persistent smoking has an unfavourable influence on mucociliary activity. According to the results of recent research almost 8 million people in the U.S. were suffering from chronic bronchitis in 1981. There is a direct correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked, over what period of time, and the incidence of chronic bronchitis. In studies with patients suffering from exacerbations of chronic bronchitis the most common bacterial pathogens found were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and certain viruses are counted amongst the non-bacterial pathogens. Antibiotics should be effective against such possible pathogens. The resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin/amoxicillin is currently observed in at least 12% of cases, whilst H. influenzae is regularly observed to be resistant to erythromycin. Cefaclor, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid offer satisfactory forms of treatment. Pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, B. catarrhalis and Legionella pneumophila is often seen in smokers and patients with COLD. Haemocultures should be prepared for all hospitalized patients. Penicillin G and/or V is the agent of choice. Cefaclor or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole can be given to counter beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae whilst cefaclor, erythromycin, tetracycline or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole are used for the treatment of B. catarrhalis infections. In Legionella infections erythromycin is the preferred treatment. A combination of erythromycin and cefamandole or ceftriaxone is indicated for empirical management. Patients with COLD should be immunised with pneumococcus and influenza vaccines.
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PMID:[Smoking and lower respiratory tract infection]. 361 Mar 32

During a 10-year period, antibiotics were assigned in random, double-blind fashion in six combinations to treat 948 episodes of otitis media in children. Exudate from the middle ear of all patients was cultured before treatment. Three follow-up visits were conducted; the first follow-up visit was three to five days after the start of therapy, and the second and third visits were 14 and 31 days after onset of treatment. Exudates were recultured for 75% of the patients on the first follow-up visit. Comparison of treatment results showed that triple sulfonamide combined with either phenoxymethyl penicillin, or benzathine and procaine penicillin G given intramuscularly (IM) was as effective as was ampicillin or amoxicillin. Phenoxymethyl penicillin and cyclacillin alone were usually effective against pneumococci but relatively ineffective against Haemophilus influenzae. Cefaclor and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole produced unsatisfactory results in about half the cases caused by pneumococci or H influenzae. Although production of beta-lactamase by some otitis-causing Haemophilus and Staphylococcus species may explain the ineffectiveness of some treatments, the percentage of organisms positive for beta-lactamase was too small to be responsible for the poor results with certain drugs.
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PMID:In vivo sensitivity test in otitis media: efficacy of antibiotics. 387 Dec 51

Eighty-eight patients from 16 to 79 years old, with acute purulent otitis media, were bacteriologically examined at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of a primary care hospital in Tokyo from July 1979 to May 1983. Fifty-six patients underwent paracentesis, and 32 patients exhibited otorrhea due to previous spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane. Bacteriologic cultures revealed the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (62.5 per cent), including S. pneumoniae Type III (28.1 per cent), Haemophilus influenzae (10.5 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (11.5 per cent), and Streptococcus pyogenes (7.3 per cent). S. pneumoniae Type III had a notably high detection rate in patients from 50 to 79 years old (50-75 per cent). Because Haemophilus influenzae was detected at a relatively high rate in patients of all ages, if can be considered as a major causative pathogen of AOM. In 44 patients, selected mainly from those who underwent paracentesis, a comparative study of bacteria found in middle ear fluid and naso-pharyngeal mucus revealed the same bacteria in 43 out of 44 cases (97.7 per cent), indicating the presence of bacterial infection through the auditory canal. Antibiotics were selected according to an Expected Efficacy Index (EEI), the antibiotic of first choice being Ampicillin or Cefaclor.
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PMID:Bacteriological features and chemotherapy of adult acute purulent otitis media. 402 Feb 54

A total of 150 children with acute otitis media were randomly allocated to treatment with amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate (Augmentin) or with cefaclor. Each drug was given in a daily dosage of approximately 40 mg/kg in three divided doses for ten days. Tympanocentesis done before treatment yielded specimens that contained pneumococcus or Haemophilus sp or both in 67% of specimens. Viridans group streptococci were isolated from 10% of specimens and Branhamella catarrhalis from 6%. Patients were scheduled for follow-up examinations at midtreatment, end of therapy, and at 30, 60, and 90 days. Of the 150 children, 130 were evaluable. Five of 60 patients (8%) treated with cefaclor were considered therapeutic failures because of persistent purulent drainage and isolation of the original pathogen or suprainfection. There were no failures among patients treated with Augmentin (P = .019). Rates of relapse, recurrent acute otitis media with effusion, and persistent middle ear effusion were comparable in the two groups of patients. Diaper rash, or loose stools, or both were significantly more common in children treated with Augmentin (34%) than in those taking cefaclor (12%), but in no case was it necessary to discontinue medication because of these mild side effects (P = .002). Cefaclor therapy was discontinued in one patient because of severe abdominal pain and vomiting. In this study, treatment with Augmentin was superior to treatment with cefaclor in the acute phase of acute otitis media with effusion, but Augmentin produced more adverse effects. The rates of persistent middle ear effusion and recurrent acute otitis media with effusion were comparable with the two regimens.
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PMID:Comparative treatment trial of augmentin versus cefaclor for acute otitis media with effusion. 403 33

Cefaclor and tetracycline were compared in a single-blind study designed to treat patients with acute bacterial bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Twenty-five pathogens (including 19 of Haemophilus influenzae and four of Streptococcus pneumoniae) were obtained from sputum samples of 48 patients. No pathogen could be cultured from the sputum of 23 patients. All of these pathogens were susceptible to cefaclor, while 12 (63%) of the 19 H influenzae isolates and three of the four S pneumoniae isolates were resistant to tetracycline. When the susceptibility of the 25 isolates to other commonly used antibacterials was tested, 18 isolates of H influenzae were resistant to erythromycin and one was resistant to ampicillin. (One H influenzae isolate was not tested for erythromycin susceptibility.) The four isolates of S pneumoniae were susceptible to erythromycin and ampicillin. Satisfactory results were achieved in 21 of the 23 patients receiving cefaclor. After four to six days of cefaclor therapy, the other two patients were diagnosed as having bronchopneumonia, and parenteral antibiotic therapy was instituted. Of the 25 patients assigned to the tetracycline regimen, three with resistant H influenzae had unsatisfactory clinical responses and required parenteral antibiotic therapy for recovery. Although patients were randomly assigned to therapy, only three of the 16 patients infected with tetracycline-resistant organisms were assigned to the tetracycline group, and all three failed to respond to treatment. Had the patients been more evenly distributed according to susceptibilities, it is possible that more treatment failures would have occurred in the group receiving tetracycline.
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PMID:A comparison of cefaclor and tetracycline in the treatment of bacterial bronchitis. 623 Nov 4

Most patients with sinusitis are treated by general practitioners. Since these doctors generally do not puncture the maxillary sinus, they can not be certain that the patient has a purulent sinus infection, which is the most important sign for determining whether or not the patient should have an antibiotic. Thus, the doctor has to rely on symptoms that are most characteristic of a purulent sinusitis. The symptoms are described and the bacteria most frequently seen in sinusitis are mentioned (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria). Treatment of maxillary sinusitis should primarily consist of restoring the normal milieu within the sinus by antral puncture and lavage. Penicillin V is still the first antibiotic drug of choice, because of its effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. In therapeutic failure, aeration of the maxillary sinus is first recommended. Cefaclor, tetracyclines or trimethoprim are recommended in patients allergic to penicillins. The agents are also recommended when beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis are isolated.
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PMID:Treatment of maxillary sinusitis. 658 Jul 35

The efficacy of nine oral antibiotics were analyzed by the agar dilution method against clinical isolates consisting of 87 beta-lactamase positive and negative Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis strains and 30 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. The following drugs were tested: cefaclor, cefalexin, cefadroxil, cefradin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, erythromycin and doxycycline. Inoculations of 10(4) bacteria/plate were made with a Steers inoculator on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5% blood. Cefaclor was more effective than the other cefalosporins against all H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis strains, regardless of their beta-lactamase production. Cefaclor and cefradin were more effective than cefalexin and cefadroxil against S. pneumoniae strains. Cefaclor was less effective than erythromycin against pneumococci, B. catarrhalis and beta-lactamase positive H. influenzae strains and equally effective against beta-lactamase negative H. influenzae strains. Cefaclor was less active than doxycycline against the B. catarrhalis and H. influenzae strains and showed similar efficacy as doxycycline against pneumococci.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of nine oral antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis. 660 22


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