Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The bacteriostatic activity in vitro of co-trimoxazole (SMZ-TMP); ampicillin, tetracycline and oleandomycin was evaluated against 225 bacterial strains. All the strains (49 Pneumococci, 49 Haemophilus, 41 Streptococci and 86 Staphylococcus aureus) were isolated from sinusitis (63 strains) and otitis (162 strains) in monomicrobial samples. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the 4 antibiotics were determined by the agar diffusion method on all strains. Moreover MICs of SMZ-TMP were determined by the broth dilution method on Haemophilus strains. Seventy seven p. cent of the strains were found sensitive to SMZ-TMP, 70.7% to ampicillin, 85.4% to tetracycline and 73% to oleandomycin. SMZ-TMP was the most effective on Staphylococcus aureus (80% of the isolates were sensitive), whereas ampicillin was effective on all Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus strains and tetracycline was the most active on Haemophilus strains (88% of the isolates were sensitive).
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PMID:[Comparative activity of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) on bacteria responsible for ORL infections]. 661 36

Between August 1977 and January 1979, 16 children (7 males and 9 females) ranging in age from 5 to 38 months (mean age 18 months) were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (40 mg/kg SMX per 24 hours) for otitis media caused by beta-lactamase strains of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Fourteen patients had failed after antecedent ten-day courses of ampicillin (9 patients) or amoxicillin (5 patients) therapy. The remaining two patients received only five days of ampicillin before changing to TMP-SMX. Six of the isolates were nontypable, 3 were type B, 5 isolates were Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and 2 strains were unavailable for typing. Of 13 strains tested, 10 had a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in excess of 3.12 microgram/ml of ampicillin; the remaining 3 had an MIC of < 3.12 microgram/ml. All 13 isolates were susceptible to 0.19 microgram/ml TMP-SMX. Five of 16 children were symptomatic (irritable; fever of > 38.2 C); within three days of starting TMP-SMX treatment, they became asymptomatic. Fifteen of 16 patients (93%) responded favorably after ten days of TMP-SMX. Only one patient had H influenzae resistant to ampicillin (12.5 microgram/ml) and sensitive to TMP-SMX (0.19 microgram/ml) isolated from the middle ear at the end of ten days of TMP-SMX. At the end of TMP-SMX therapy, middle ear effusions were noted in ten patients; the fluid was sterile in the four patients who had a second tympanocentesis. There were two recurrences within one month of TMP-SMX therapy. No adverse clinical reactions were noted.
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PMID:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of otitis media secondary to ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae. 677 28

In vitro, Haemophilus influenzae strains have two distinct patterns of susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ); strains with low minimum inhibitory concentration and high minimum bactericidal concentration (tolerant) and those with both low minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (kill-sensitive). Tolerant H. influenzae strains were found to elaborate significantly more type b capsular polysaccharide, a linear polymer of ribosyl ribose phosphate (PRP), than kill-sensitive strains. Tolerant strains became susceptible to killing by TMP/SMZ when type b capsule was physically removed, but reacquired tolerance following growth and reversion to original (mucoid) phenotype. Susceptibility of wild (type a, b, c), isogenic (type b and untypable), and transformed (type b and d) strains indicated that elaboration of type b capsule was associated with TMP/SMZ tolerance. In a second series of studies, virulence of H. influenzae in the infant rat model was correlated with in vitro tolerance. Tolerant strains (13/13) caused systemic disease while none (0/7) of kill-sensitive strains were pathogenic. The efficacy of TMP/SMZ in the treatment of invasive infection was evaluated in rats with established bacteremia and meningitis. TMP/SMZ failed to eradicate H. influenzae b from the blood in 85% (17/20) or from the cerebrospinal fluid in 95% (19/20) of infected animals. Thus, in vitro tolerance correlated with therapeutic failure in vivo.
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PMID:Elaboration of type b capsule by Haemophilus influenzae as a determinant of pathogenicity and impaired killing by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 697 57

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) was successful treatment for 93% of cases of acute otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae studied. All 15 children in this study had symptoms of otitis media that were unrelieved by a course of ampicillin therapy, but 14 of them responded promptly to a 10-day course of TMP-SMZ. Potentially invasive type b strains of H. influenzae were isolated in cultures of the middle ear exudate of three children, all of whom responded well to TMP-SMZ therapy. The middle ear isolates of H. influenzae were sensitive in vitro to TMP-SMZ. It is concluded that TMP-SMZ is effective and convenient for the treatment of otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae.
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PMID:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae. 698 Nov 69

To document the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in treating bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and to evaluate the efficacy of thiamphenicol (TAP), 29 patients with chronic bronchial disease were treated for two separate bacterial exacerbations, once with 0.48 g of TMP and 2.4 g SMZ daily, and once with 1.5 g of TAP daily, for 14 days. Patients were evaluated weekly and different measurements, including graded clinical observations, ventilatory tests, sputum measurements, quantitative bacterial counts and blood studies were performed. Side effects were closely monitored. Of the 29 patients entered, 20 finished the trial and hence 40 exacerbations were evaluated. All graded clinical observations were improved by the antimicrobials, whereas no marked change in the ventilatory tests was seen. Of the sputum measurements the daily volume, purulence, numbers of neutrophils and bronchial epithelial cells decreased, as did the numbers of Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. Of the blood studies the red blood cell count fell by more than 20% of the pretreatment value in 2 patients on TAP and 2 on TMP-SMZ. Using the same criterion, the hemoglobin level fell in 4 patients on TAP and in the hemoglobin level fell in 4 patients on TAP and in 2 patients on TAP-SMZ, while the hematocrit fell in 4 patients on TAP and in 1 on TMP-SMZ. However, all these changes were completely reversible. Minor gastrointestinal side effects were observed in 11 patients receiving TAP, compared to 3 patients on TMP-SMZ. 1 patient on the latter drug experienced a rash at the end of therapy. From the viewpoint of overall clinical assessment, 16 patients improved and 4 remained unchanged during therapy with TAP. The corresponding figures for TMP-SMZ were 17 patients improved, 2 the same and 1 worse at the end of therapy. The average relapse time after TAP was 184 days and after TMP-SMZ 180 days. In conclusion, 80% or more of exacerbations were improved by the two drugs. For all the variables measured, no significant differences were statistically detectable between the two antimicrobials, whether given in the sequence TAP first and TMP-SMZ second, or vice versa.
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PMID:[Thiamphenicol versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in bacterial exacerbations of chronic unspecific respiratory tract diseases. A controlled study]. 699 18

The in vitro activity of fleroxacin was determined by broth microdilution against 2,079 recent bacterial isolates and compared to the activities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefixime, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and, as appropriate, erythromycin and oxacillin. Most Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by the quinolones at a concentration of < or = 1 microgram/ml; MIC90s of fleroxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin were 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1 micrograms/ml, respectively. Fleroxacin was 2-fold more active than ciprofloxacin against Providencia stuartii and Serratia marcescens. Aside from the quinolones, ceftriaxone and TMP-SMX were the most active antibiotics against the Enterobacteriaceae, with MIC90s of 8 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the other quinolones, while fleroxacin was more active against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: 17.7, 11.2, 20.0, and 22.4% of P. aeruginosa were resistant to fleroxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin, respectively. Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae were uniformally susceptible to all antibiotics tested, as were the majority of oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci. The MIC90s of the quinolones and of the beta-lactam antibiotics for oxacillin-resistant staphylococci were 8- to 256-fold higher than for oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci. The beta-lactam antibiotics, TMP-SMX, and erythromycin were more active than the quinolones against streptococci; all antibiotics were poorly active against enterococci. Fleroxacin is active against a broad range of gram-negative bacilli and against oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci and should prove useful for such infections. However, its use cannot be recommended for infections due to oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, streptococci, or enterococci.
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PMID:A multicenter comparative study of the in vitro activity of fleroxacin and other antimicrobial agents. 852 40

Between February and June of 1997, a large number of community-acquired respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (n = 1,077) and Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 503) from 27 U.S. and 7 Canadian medical centers were characterized as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Overall prevalences of beta-lactamase production were 33.5% in H. influenzae and 92.2% in M. catarrhalis with no differences noted between isolates recovered in the United States and those from Canada. Among a total of 21 different antimicrobial agents tested, including six cephalosporins, a beta-lactamase inhibitor combination, three macrolides, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), rifampin, chloramphenicol, five fluoroquinolones, and quinupristin-dalfopristin, resistance rates of > 5% with H. influenzae were observed only with cefaclor (12.8%) and TMP-SMX (16.2%).
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997). 992 40

A susceptibility surveillance study of 276 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 301 of Haemophilus influenzae, and 110 of Moraxella catarrhalis was carried out from November 1998 to May 1999 in Taiwan. High rates of nonsusceptibility to penicillin (76%), extended-spectrum cephalosporins (56%), azithromycin (94%), clarithromycin (95%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (65%) for S. pneumoniae isolates and high rates of nonsusceptibility to amoxicillin (58%) and TMP-SMX (52%) for H. influenzae isolates were found. Higher percentages of S. pneumoniae isolates nonsusceptible to aminopenicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, macrolides, and TMP-SMX were observed among penicillin-intermediate and -resistant isolates. All quinolones tested were active in vitro against these three organisms.
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PMID:Multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in Taiwan during the 1998-1999 respiratory season. 1077 Jul 73

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is widely prescribed as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Its efficacy against other infections has not been thoroughly evaluated. To compare the risk for infectious diseases for persons who were prescribed TMP-SMZ with that for patients who were not prescribed TMP-SMZ, we examined data collected from the medical records of HIV-infected patients (January 1990 through September 1999) who were enrolled in the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project. During intervals when patients had CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts of <200 cells/microL (19,081 persons; 22,801 person-years), prescription of TMP-SMZ was associated with significant protection from toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, infection with Haemophilus species, invasive or any staphylococcal infection, and PCP, but not from Shigella, pneumococcal or nonpneumococcal Streptococcus, Klebsiella, or Pseudomonas species. We demonstrate that prescription of TMP-SMZ for PCP prophylaxis in persons with HIV infection is associated with significantly decreased risk for several infectious diseases. These findings may be of interest to HIV prevention programs in resource-poor countries.
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PMID:Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases. 1143 10

Haemophilus influenzae is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age in the developing world. In Latin America, H. influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine and surveillance of H. influenzae antimicrobial susceptibility have been implemented in recent years. We have undertaken a systematic review and a pooled analysis on H. influenzae antimicrobial resistance, including reports of 15 Latin America countries over a 10-year period (1990-2000). We have found that 450 (21.4%) of 2,100 invasive isolates were beta-lactamase producers compared to 145 (14.5%) of 998 isolates of noninvasive isolates (p < 0.05). Ampicillin resistance was detected among 783 (21.9%) of 3,577 invasive isolates compared to 111 (17.2%) of 646 noninvasive strains (p < 0.05). In contrast, 568 (41.9%) of 1,355 noninvasive strains were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance against 241 (26.9%) of 897 invasive ones (p < 0.05). Therefore, TMP-SMX resistance was more common in nonsterile fluids than in sterile fluids. Over time, rates of beta-lactamase-producing strains were stable in Brazil and Mexico, whereas rates of TMP-SMX resistance were increasing in Brazil. It is predictable that following the Hib immunization, Latin America countries will be faced with increased nontypeable H. influenzae infection. Although standing by the nontypeable H. influenzae vaccine, in this novel epidemiological scenario of post-Hib vaccination in Latin America settings there is a need to improve H. influenzae resistance monitoring to guide clinicians to choose efficacious antimicrobial therapy.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae resistance in Latin America: systematic review of surveillance data. 1182 80


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