Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravenous TMP-SMZ was used to treat 19 infectious episodes in 18 patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 13 years. Thirteen patients with various soft tissue or skeletal infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pyogenes, or Acinetobacter anitratus were successfully treated. Three children with four episodes of CSF shunt infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci were treated successfully also. The only treatment failures were in two newborn infants with enteric gram-negative bacterial ventriculitis. TMP-SMZ was given at a daily dose of 10 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, every six hours. The drug was administered intravenously for a mean duration of 10 days (range 4 to 32); in 11 patients this was followed by oral administration for a mean of nine days (range 2 to 18). Half-life of TMP after intravenous administration was 5 1/4 hours; that of SMA was 8 1/2 hours. Levels determined three to four days after starting therapy were generally higher than levels obtained at corresponding times after the first dose. CSF/blood TMP and SMA ratios, determined in four patients, were 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Side effects were observed in 14 patients, and neutropenia was the most common adverse reaction. Intravenous TMP-SMZ is an effective antimicrobic agent in the treatment of infections due to susceptible organisms. The frequent side effects, although reversible and of no major clinical consequence, suggest that future use of TMP-SMZ should be monitored closely.
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PMID:Intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of serious infections in children. 38 14

Authenic tracheobronchial secretions/exudates (TBSE) were aspirated under direct vision via a sterile catheter passed through a fiberoptic bronchoscope from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by chronic bronchitis. TBSE, saliva and blood were obtained during long-term administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and were assayed for drug content. Before and during treatment TBSE were cultured qualitatively and quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas and viruses. Treatment with TMP-SMX was associated with a decrease in the recovery of Hemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis; however, little effect was observed on the typically nonpathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract. TMP was found in saliva at concentrations greater than in serum. Both TMP and SMX entered TBSE in absolute and relative concentrations sufficient to take advantage of the potential for synergy against susceptible microorganisms. Patient tolerance of TMP-SMX was generally good and several patients reported a decrease in production of sputum during treatment.
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PMID:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in chronic bronchitis. 113 33

We compared the in-vitro activities of cefprozil, a novel oral cephalosporin, and of loracarbef, a new oral carbacephem, with other agents against middle ear fluid isolates obtained from children with acute otitis media. These included Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis. Cefprozil activity (MIC50 and MIC90) against S. pneumoniae was 0.25 and 0.50 mg/l; against H. influenzae 8 and 16 mg/l; against B. catarrhalis 2 and 2 mg/l. Loracarbef activity (MIC50 and MIC90) against S. pneumoniae was 1 and 2 mg/l; against H. influenzae 8 and 16 mg/l; against B. catarrhalis 1 and 8 mg/l. Cefprozil was four-fold more active against S. pneumoniae than loracarbef but similar to amoxycillin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefixime, cefuroxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Against H. influenzae, cefprozil was similar to loracarbef and other agents through less active than TMP/SMX and cefixime. Against B. catarrhalis, cefprozil was four-fold more active than loracarbef, cefaclor and cefixime but similar to the comparative antibiotics. Cefprozil and loracarbef activities were unaffected at pH 6 and 8 or in the presence of human serum, but there was a major diminution of activity for both agents at pH 5 and at inoculum sizes greater than or equal to 10(7) cfu/ml. Cefoprozil and loracarbef have consistent activity against middle ear pathogens and further pharmacokinetic and clinical studies appear warranted.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of cefprozil (BMY 28100) and loracarbef (LY 163892) against pathogens obtained from middle ear fluid. 190 88

The in vitro activity of cefpodoxime, an oral cephalosporin ester, against 792 bacterial isolates representing 36 species was evaluated in comparison to that of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Cefpodoxime inhibited the majority of Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus influenzae and Proteus mirabilis at a concentration of less than or equal to 0.12 microgram/ml. It was also active against Citrobacter diversus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Overall, cefpodoxime appeared to be less active than ciprofloxacin and TMP/SMX against many pathogens common in cancer patients.
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PMID:In vitro activity of cefpodoxime against bacterial isolates obtained from patients with cancer. 191 1

In the present study, five non-beta-lactamase- and five beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae were used to determine whether three different growth media, Mueller-Hinton broth and agar, brain heart infusion broth and agar, and tryptic soy broth and agar, and their added supplements (0.2% hemin-0.1% IsoVitaleX, 1% hemin-1% IsoVitaleX, 2% sheep blood, 10% Fildes enrichment, 5% Fildes enrichment, 1% supplement B, 5% horse erythrocytes, and 2% hemoglobin-1% IsoVitaleX) would influence the growth rate of this microorganism and the antibacterial activity of eight antibiotics, including ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, cefamandole, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and cefoperazone. The growth curve studies were carried out with an initial inoculum of 10(4) bacteria per ml, and MICs were determined with an inoculum of 5 X 10(5) microorganisms. Mueller-Hinton broth, brain heart infusion broth, and tryptic soy broth enriched with 5% Fildes resulted in a maximal growth of more than 10(8) CFU/ml at 24 h. When 10% Fildes or 2% sheep blood was added as enrichment to Mueller-Hinton broth, a considerable reduction in the growth rate of H. influenzae strains resulted (P less than 0.01). Significant variations in MICs (P less than 0.01) were observed with chloramphenicol, TMP-SMX, erythromycin, and cefoperazone when brain heart infusion agar, Mueller-Hinton agar, or tryptic soy agar was used. Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, and TMP-SMX were all affected by the different enrichments added to Mueller-Hinton agar. MICs were in general higher with 5% Fildes enrichment and lower with 1% supplement B. Cefoperazone was the only drug which exhibited a lower MIC in 5% Fildes enrichment for ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae strains.
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PMID:Influence of growth medium and supplement on growth of Haemophilus influenzae and on antibacterial activity of several antibiotics. 349 45

In vitro activity of cefpimizole, an experimental third generation cephalosporin, and 10 other antimicrobials (ampicillin, azlocillin, cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, mezlocillin, moxalactam, piperacillin, rifampin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) were determined for 181 isolates of Haemophilus obtained from pediatric patients. For 156 beta-lactamase-negative isolates, MIC50 values of cefoperazone, cefpimizole, and cefamandole were 4, 8, and 16 times greater than those of moxalactam and cefotaxime (0.06 micrograms/ml). 25 beta-lactamase-producing isolates were resistant to ampicillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin, however, MIC50 of all third generation cephalosporin were similar to those obtained for beta-lactamase-negative organisms. Rifampin and SMX/TMP demonstrated low MIC50 values for all isolates.
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PMID:In vitro activity of cefpimizole sodium (U-63196E) and other antimicrobial agents against Haemophilus isolates from pediatric patients. 351 92

The in vitro activities of two new oral cephalosporins, Ro 19-5247 and Ro 15-8074, were compared with the in vitro activities of cefuroxime, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and doxycycline against a variety of bacterial species. MIC50s (MICs required to inhibit 50% of strains) of Ro 19-5247 were less than or equal to 0.13 micrograms/ml for streptococci (except Streptococcus faecalis) and Haemophilus influenzae; 0.25 to 2 micrograms/ml for most strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Branhamella catarrhalis, and gram-positive anaerobic bacteria; and 1 to 8 micrograms/ml for methicillin-susceptible staphylococci. MIC50s of Ro 15-8074 were similar to those of Ro 19-5247, except that gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes were less susceptible. Both Ro 19-5247 and Ro 15-8074 had greater in vitro activity against strains of Enterobacteriaceae than did comparative beta-lactams and doxycycline; TMP-SMZ had the broadest spectrum of activity against these organisms. None of the cephalosporins were active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci, S. faecalis, most nonfermenters, or Bacteroides sp. Inoculum size variations affected MICs in a species-dependent manner for beta-lactams and unpredictably for TMP-SMZ but had little effect for doxycycline. Bactericidal activity was consistent with beta-lactams, inconsistent with TMP-SMZ, and uncommon with doxycycline.
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PMID:In vitro activities of Ro 19-5247 and Ro 15-8074, new oral cephalosporins. 377 6

Thirty-four strains of Haemophilus influenzae (20 ampicillin sensitive and 14 ampicillin resistant), mostly type b isolates from cerebrospinal fluid or blood, were tested for susceptibility to a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in a ratio of 1 part TMP to 19 parts SMZ. All strains were very susceptible to the TMP-SMZ combination, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.007-0.14 to 0.06-1.18 mug of TMP-SMZ per ml. There was little difference in the susceptibility of the ampicillin-sensitive and ampicillin-resistant strains to TMP-SMZ.
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PMID:In vitro susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 454 34

We performed a randomized controlled trial of cefaclor administered twice daily compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) administered twice daily for the treatment of acute otitis media. Pathogens were eradicated from the middle ear exudate after 3 to 6 days of therapy in 35 of 37 (95%) patients given TMP-SMZ compared with 28 of 40 (70%) given cefaclor (P = 0.017). Haemophilus influenzae was eliminated in 13 of 14 (93%) patients given TMP-SMZ compared with 10 of 18 (56%) given cefaclor (P = 0.047). Clinical outcomes failed to distinguish between patients given TMP-SMZ or cefaclor. Symptoms improved despite persistent infection in 11 of 13 (85%) patients; middle-ear effusion persisted after therapy in 38 of 61 (62%) patients despite eradication of pathogens. We conclude that twice daily TMP-SMZ is more efficacious than twice daily cefaclor for the treatment of acute otitis media and that clinical outcomes may fail to detect differences between antibacterial agents in comparative drug trials in acute otitis media.
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PMID:A randomized controlled trial of cefaclor compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of acute otitis media. 638 53

A total of 59 clinical isolated strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b, including 22 beta-lactamase-positive strains, were tested against moxalactam (LY 127935), a new 1-oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic and compared with other antibiotics: cefamandole, cefoxitin, ceforanide, ampicillin, ticarcillin, chloramphenical and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) by using an agar dilution susceptibility test and bacterial killing rate study. With beta-lactamase negative H. influenzae all 37 strains were inhibited by ampicillin at concentration less than or equal to 0.2 microgram/ml, in contrast all beta-lactamase positive strains were exhibited by a range from 3.2 micrograms/ml to 25 micrograms/ml. Ticarcillin inhibited 100% of non-beta lactamase strains at 0.4 micrograms/ml in contrast to those beta-lactamase producing strains the range was from 0.8 microgram/ml to 12.5 micrograms/ml. All strains were inhibited by 0.8 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol and by 0.078/1.56 microgram of TMP/SMZ per ml. Among the beta-lactam antibiotics, moxalactam (LY 127935) show 100% inhibited all strains by 0.1 microgram/ml in comparison with cefamandole, cefoxitin and ceforanide most strains inhibited by 0.4 microgram/ml, 2 micrograms/ml and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively. From the killing curve study, during the first 6 hours, each antibiotic had the effect of inhibition growing of both strains of H. influenzae. But after 24 hours incubation, only moxalactam (LY 127935) showed bactericidal effect. These data indicate that moxaladam, a new 1-oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic, had superior inhibitory activity and killing effect against both beta-lactamase producing and non-beta-lactamase producing strains of H. influenzae type b.
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PMID:Comparative activities of moxalactam (LY 127935) a new semisynthetic 1-oxa-beta lactam antibiotic with 7 other antibiotics against type b Haemophilus influenzae. 645 75


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