Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro activities of the newer semisynthetic penicillins azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin were compared with those of ampicillin and ticarcillin by using 290 clinical laboratory isolates. Piperacillin and mezlocillin were the most active against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. When Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested, piperacillin and azlocillin were more active than either mezlocillin or ticarcillin. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae species were highly susceptible to all of the penicillins tested. Ticarcillin had relatively poor activity against enterococci. The rate of bacterial killing with multiples of the minimal inhibitory concentration of azlocillin, ampicillin, or ticarcillin was tested for E. coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. Increasing concentrations increased the bactericidal effect. The effect of combining azlocillin, ampicillin, or ticarcillin with an aminoglycoside was studied by using both killing curves and checkerboards. The isobolograms constructed from the checkerboards showed a synergistic pattern for the organisms tested, which included E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis, and enterococci. However, the rate of killing was increased by the combination only for P. aeruginosa and enterococci.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro activity of azlocillin, ampicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin, alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside. 11 16

The safety and effectiveness of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium was evaluated in an open study of 43 patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. The mean age of the 28 patients in whom bacteriologic evaluations were possible was 55 years; at least two thirds of the patients had a history of alcoholism or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A pathogen was isolated from sputum samples in 23 patients; five of these 23 also had documented bacteremia. There were five additional cases of bacteremia associated with clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia but with no organisms isolated from sputum cultures. Thirty-five pathogens were isolated from the 33 evaluable infection sites, primarily Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. S. pneumoniae was the causative organism in all 10 cases of bacteremia. Ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium (3 g of ticarcillin and 100 mg of clavulanic acid) was administered intravenously for a mean of six days. All 35 organisms isolated before treatment were eradicated. In one patient a superinfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa developed after treatment with ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium. A clinical evaluation was possible for 32 of the 33 infection sites; clinical cure was achieved at 31 sites and improvement was seen at the other site. All 43 patients were monitored for adverse reactions by both clinical observation and laboratory tests. In one patient, reversible thrombocytopenia developed that required discontinuation of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium. In another patient, there was a slight decrease in the potassium level during therapy. No systemic adverse reactions occurred, nor was there any instance of local effects associated with the intravenous infusion of the drug.
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PMID:Safety and effectiveness of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium in treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. 407 98

A total of 59 clinical isolated strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b, including 22 beta-lactamase-positive strains, were tested against moxalactam (LY 127935), a new 1-oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic and compared with other antibiotics: cefamandole, cefoxitin, ceforanide, ampicillin, ticarcillin, chloramphenical and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) by using an agar dilution susceptibility test and bacterial killing rate study. With beta-lactamase negative H. influenzae all 37 strains were inhibited by ampicillin at concentration less than or equal to 0.2 microgram/ml, in contrast all beta-lactamase positive strains were exhibited by a range from 3.2 micrograms/ml to 25 micrograms/ml. Ticarcillin inhibited 100% of non-beta lactamase strains at 0.4 micrograms/ml in contrast to those beta-lactamase producing strains the range was from 0.8 microgram/ml to 12.5 micrograms/ml. All strains were inhibited by 0.8 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol and by 0.078/1.56 microgram of TMP/SMZ per ml. Among the beta-lactam antibiotics, moxalactam (LY 127935) show 100% inhibited all strains by 0.1 microgram/ml in comparison with cefamandole, cefoxitin and ceforanide most strains inhibited by 0.4 microgram/ml, 2 micrograms/ml and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively. From the killing curve study, during the first 6 hours, each antibiotic had the effect of inhibition growing of both strains of H. influenzae. But after 24 hours incubation, only moxalactam (LY 127935) showed bactericidal effect. These data indicate that moxaladam, a new 1-oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic, had superior inhibitory activity and killing effect against both beta-lactamase producing and non-beta-lactamase producing strains of H. influenzae type b.
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PMID:Comparative activities of moxalactam (LY 127935) a new semisynthetic 1-oxa-beta lactam antibiotic with 7 other antibiotics against type b Haemophilus influenzae. 645 75

The in vitro activity of ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin was determined against 403 clinical isolates. At MIC50, piperacillin was 2 to 8 times more active than the other three compounds against Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter and Salmonella species. Against Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Haemophilus, Bacteroides spp. and non-beta-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus the activity of piperacillin was similar to one or more of the most effective agents. However, azlocillin and mezlocillin were more active than piperacillin against enterococci. Ticarcillin was the least active in vitro. Despite these significant differences at MIC50 amongst the four compounds, they became much less discernible at MIC90, obviously due to beta-lactamase producing strains under study. The spectrum of activity of piperacillin encompasses those of azlocillin and mezlociLlin together except for Gram-positive organisms.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro activity of ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin. 665 35

A total of 632 clinical bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to twofold dilutions of ticarcillin alone and in combination with 1, 2, and 4 micrograms of clavulanic acid (CA) (Timentin) per ml by a reference microdilution method. With the addition of CA, ticarcillin MICs were reduced eightfold or greater with 54 of 59 (92%) strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae with ticarcillin MICs of greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml. The inhibitory effect of CA on pseudomonads was minimal. Ticarcillin MICs for beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and most Staphylococcus aureus were reduced to less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml when CA was added. For dilution susceptibility testing of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, dilutions of ticarcillin combined with 2 micrograms of CA per ml is suggested.
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PMID:In vitro activity of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid against 632 clinical isolates. 672 72

The antimicrobial activity of cefepime, a new broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin, was evaluated in vitro against 1757 recent clinical Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Cefepime was active at low concentrations (MIC50 values < or = 0.06 mg/L and MIC90 values < or = 0.12 mg/L) against non-cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.). For Klebsiella pneumoniae, MICs were between 0.016 and 16 mg/L; the highest MIC values were observed for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains. Against Enterobacteriaceae, such as cephalosporinase producing Enterobacter cloacae, MICs were < or = 0.5 mg/L, but MICs against cephalosporinase hyperproducing strains were generally higher. Ticarcillin-sensitive strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited by cefepime concentrations of 0.5-16 mg/L, while cefepime MICs were 8-64 mg/L for strains resistant to ticarcillin. The cefepime MIC50 value for Haemophilus spp. including many resistant to amoxycillin, was 0.03 mg/L. Against methicillin-sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus, cefepime MICs were 0.5-16 mg/L; MICs against methicillin-resistant staphylococci were 16- > 128 mg/L). Against methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci, cefepime MIC values were 0.03-16 mg/L; corresponding values for methicillin-resistant strains were 2-128 mg/L. Streptococci (Groups A, C and G) were sensitive to cefepime with MICs ranging from < or = 0.008-2 mg/L (MIC50, 0.03 mg/L; MIC90, 0.25 mg/L). The activity of cefepime against Group B streptococci and pneumococci were comparable, with MIC50 values of 0.12 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively, and MIC90 values of 0.03 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. Most enterococci and all Listeria monocytogenes strains had MICs > or = 32 mg/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In-vitro antibacterial activity of cefepime: a multicentre study. 815 Jul 67