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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Haemophilus influenzae is an important agent of bacteremia and has fastidious growth requirements. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of commercial blood culture media to support the growth of this fastidious microorganism. Twenty-three types of blood culture media were inoculated with individual suspensions of eight strains of H. influenzae in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The rates of recovery of the H. influenzae strains from the various types of blood culture media were compared. The results demonstrated that the type of medium, the manufacturer, the erythrocyte-serum mixture, and the strain of H. influenzae influenced the recovery rates of H. influenzae. Optimal recovery of the strains of H. influenzae was obtained from brain heart infustion blood culture medium (GIBCO). Trypic soy broth (GIBCO) and supplemental peptone of Becton, Dickinson and Co. also were found to be superior to the remaining types of media tested for the recovery of H. influenzae.
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PMID:Recovery of Haemophilus influenzae from twenty-three blood culture media. 31 78

In animal models, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Haemophilus influenzae contributes to all the signs of meningitis associated with living bacteria. However, when tested in vitro, the amount of LPS in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in natural disease shows much greater effects on leukocytes than on endothelial permeability. To investigate whether other bacterial components act with LPS to incite meningeal inflammation, animals were challenged intracisternally with H. influenzae lysates. Upon neutralization of endotoxin, leukocytosis was greatly attenuated, but protein accumulation in CSF persisted. Cell wall from H. influenzae induced meningeal inflammation in a pattern opposite to that of LPS. Its ability to induce blood-brain barrier permeability greatly exceeded its ability to induce leukocytosis in vivo. Thus, cell wall, by acting on endothelia, and LPS, by inducing leukocytosis, may cooperate to induce inflammation in H. influenzae meningitis. Optimal reduction of inflammation and tissue damage in meningitis may require agents directed against cell wall as well as LPS.
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PMID:Bacterial components and the pathophysiology of injury to the blood-brain barrier: does cell wall add to the effects of endotoxin in gram-negative meningitis? 158 87

In this paper an in vitro culture system for the induction of an antibody response to the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (PRP) is described. Anti-PRP IgM and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG ASC were detected in cultures of blood B and T cells derived from donors 4 to 6 wk after immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide-mutant diphtheria toxin (CRM197) conjugate (HbOC) and required in vitro restimulation with HbOC. When lymphocytes from HbOC-vaccinated donors were stimulated with PRP, anti-PRP IgM and IgG ASC could be detected in 50% offGe cases. Lymphocytes from PRP-vaccinated donors or non-vaccinated donors consistently failed to generate anti-PRP antibodies after in vitro stimulation with HbOC. Optimal in vitro responses were observed at concentrations of 0.06 to 0.6 micrograms/ml of Ag. At higher doses of Ag (6 micrograms/ml) anti-PRP and anti-DT antibody responses were suppressed. The in vitro generation of anti-PRP and anti-DT ASC, as detected by a spot-forming cell assay was shown to be T cell dependent, Ag dependent, and Ag specific. This culture system provides a model for the study of human B cell activation and immunoregulation by polysaccharide-protein conjugates and polysaccharides.
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PMID:In vitro induction of a Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-specific antibody response in human peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals recently vaccinated with an oligosaccharide-protein conjugate. 175 96

Nutritional factors that influence the growth of Haemophilus somnus were examined, and a defined medium was developed. Optimal growth of H somnus in broth occurred under conditions of maximum aeration. Nutritional components required for or enhanced growth of most H somnus isolates in the defined medium included uracil, D-glucose, isotonic NaCl, Na2HPO4, nicotinamide, flavin mononucleotide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and a variety of salts and amino acids. The defined medium supported optimum growth of 18 of 21 isolates of H somnus from cattle.
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PMID:Development of a defined medium for Haemophilus somnus isolated from cattle. 356 90

A method for testing adherence of Haemophilus influenzae strains to buccal mucosal cells is described. Bacteria grown in broth for 4 h were mixed with buccal mucosal cells. After elimination of unattached bacteria by repeated cycles of centrifugation and resuspension in PBS, the number of attached bacteria was counted microscopically. Optimal results were obtained with an early log-phase bacterial culture at a concentration of 10(9) bacteria/ml mixed with 2 X 10(4) cells/ml and incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min. This assay showed an at least ten times higher rate of adherence for Haemophilus influenzae than previous studies. Nontypeable strains attached in higher numbers than strains with the type b capsule. Adherence was related to the frequency of nontypeable strains rather than to the site of isolation or type of infection. Thus all the isolates from middle ear fluid were nontypeable, and all but one adhered. The results suggest a difference in virulence mechanisms between type b and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains.
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PMID:Method for testing adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to human buccal epithelial cells. 387 75

Optimal antimicrobial therapy of acute otitis media with effusion in early infancy is controversial. We studied the efficacy of cefaclor and amoxicillin in the treatment of 40 nonconsecutive infants less than 3 months of age in a double blind comparative trial. Infants were randomly assigned to receive either oral amoxicillin or cefaclor in a dosage of 40 mg/kg/day divided into 3 doses for 10 days. Clinical responses and adverse drug effects were evaluated at 48 to 72 hours, 5 to 7 days, 2 weeks and 3 weeks. Pathogenic bacteria isolated from ear aspirates in 24 cases included Streptococcus pneumoniae (14), Haemophilus influenzae type b (5), H. influenzae nontypeable (3), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Branhamella sp. (2), and Streptococcus pyogenes (1). Nonpathogenic bacteria isolated in 14 cases included Streptococcus epidermidis, diphtheroids and Streptococcus viridans. Two aspirates were sterile. A satisfactory clinical response was achieved in 15 of 21 cases (71%) treated with amoxicillin and 14 of 19 cases (74%) treated with cefaclor. We conclude that amoxicillin and cefaclor are comparable in efficacy for the therapy of acute otitis media with effusion in early infancy.
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PMID:A controlled trial of cefaclor versus amoxicillin for treatment of acute otitis media in early infancy. 634 79

The observation that nontypable (NT) Haemophilus influenzae causes serious infection in adults has stimulated interest in mechanisms that may protect the human host against NT H. influenzae infection. Incubating NT H. influenzae with normal human serum (NHS) caused dose- and time-dependent killing that varied with the individual NHS and NT H. influenzae. Adsorption of NHS with NT H. influenzae removed bactericidal activity against the adsorbing isolate but not necessarily that against others, suggesting antigenic diversity and supporting recent studies that show different outer membrane protein profiles among NT H. influenzae. Heating NHS to 56 degrees C for 30 min abolished bactericidal activity; this activity was not restored by complement-rich guinea pig serum or NT H. influenzae-adsorbed NHS. This is analogous to the "third factor" needed for intraleukocytic killing of pneumococci. Optimal opsonization of NT H. influenzae for phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes required antibody and complement, but other serum factors also played a role. Bactericidal activity generally, but not uniformly, correlated with opsonizing activity of individual NHS. Humoral factors may be important in host defenses against NT H. influenzae infection; their emergence during convalescence warrants further study.
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PMID:Opsonizing and bactericidal effects of normal human serum on nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. 660 Apr 47

In the field of infectious diseases, the emergence of new pathogens or old diseases in newly recognized forms; changing virulence of pathogens; changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility; new diagnostic techniques, drugs or vaccines; changing concepts of chemoprophylaxis; controversies about medical vs. surgical techniques; and the challenge of care of children with infectious diseases within new guidelines of managed care are recently identified areas of change. The increased resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to many commonly used antimicrobials and the increased proportion of beta-lactamase-producing nontypable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis concern many practitioners. The decreased antibiotic susceptibility of S. pneumoniae is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. Optimal therapy for mild, moderate or severe pneumococcal disease is dependent on current local susceptibility patterns. Group A streptococci are uniformly susceptible to readily achieved concentrations of all penicillins and cephalosporins. However, recent clusters of cases of rheumatic fever, increased recognition of toxic shock syndrome and bacteremic and localized severe pneumococcal disease have increased concern about the changing ecology of the Streptococcus and the implications for therapy. Finally recognition that many children with acute bacterial otitis media have resolution of disease without use of antimicrobial agents has led to more rigorous study designs for evaluating new drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antimicrobial therapy issues facing pediatricians. 763 30

The approach of providing passive protection to young infants by immunizing pregnant women can bypass the problems of immunological immaturity in the neonate, avoid or delay active immunization of the infant in the first year of life, and prevent transmission of an infection from the mother to the neonate. Optimal vaccines for this approach should induce high immunoglobulin G antibody titers that quickly reach their maximum level after immunization and persist at protective levels for several years, thus providing passive protection in subsequent pregnancies. Specific applications of this approach include the worldwide practice of maternal immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine and ongoing studies of maternal immunization to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b, group B streptococcal, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in the infant. Addressing the cultural, sociological, and legal aspects of maternal immunization will be required to ensure the success of this approach.
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PMID:Maternal immunization to prevent infectious diseases in the neonate or infant. 815 47

An in vitro culture system for the induction of an antipolysaccharide response was used to study the cellular interactions which determine the magnitude and nature of this B-lymphocyte response. Healthy adult volunteers were vaccinated with the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (PRP)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccine. Optimal in vitro anti-PRP and anti-TT antibody responses were obtained when B cells were cultured with equal amounts of T cells. The in vitro response is antigen dependent and antigen specific. Culturing with PRP mixed with TT in the presence of T cells induces the highest number of anti-PRP antibody-secreting cells (ASC) (128.4 x// 15.9 [geometric mean x// standard deviation] immunoglobulin M [IgM] anti-PRP ASC/10(6) cells; 9.3 x// 7.6 IgG anti-PRP ASC/10(6) cells). Culturing without T cells induced no anti-PRP ASC; culturing with only PRP, in the presence of T cells, yielded low numbers of anti-PRP ASC (3.7 x// 5.2 IgM anti-PRP ASC/10(6) cells and 1.2 x// 2.2 IgG anti-PRP ASC/10(6) cells). Transwell studies showed that the requirements for the antibody response against the polysaccharide are different from those of an antiprotein response. Cytokines formed as a consequence of contact between protein-specific B and T cells were on their own not sufficient to activate TT-specific B cells (8.4 x// 1.4 anti-TT ASC/10(6) cells); direct contact between T and B cells appeared to be an absolute requirement. However, physical contact between B and T cells in one compartment of the Transwell system resulted in the release of soluble factors able to stimulate B cells in the other compartment to secrete antipolysaccharide antibodies (164 x// 1.6 anti-PRP ASC/10(6) cells).
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PMID:Regulatory T cells in the antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide. 991 91


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