Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The accumulation of azithromycin in phagocytic cells was studied both in vitro by using a radiolabelled drug and a bioassay and in vivo for 12 volunteers receiving 1.5 g (total dose) orally within 3 days. In vitro, neutrophils and unfractionated blood leukocytes accumulated azithromycin up to 160-fold the extracellular concentration within 1 h at 37 degrees C but less than 3-fold at 4 degrees C. Dead cells accumulated up to 30-fold azithromycin, whereas NaF-treated cells accumulated up to 60-fold arithromycin. The mean efflux from preloaded cells was at most 31.0% +/- 10.6% (standard error of the mean) of the cell-associated concentration within 4 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in drug-free buffer. In vivo, the azithromycin concentration was 45.2 +/- 6.1 mg/liter of intracellular fluid at 2 h after the third dose and 36.6 +/- 8.3 mg/liter at 1 week thereafter. The corresponding concentrations in serum were 0.2 +/- 0.1 (2 h) and less than 0.05 (1 week). The luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence response induced by phorbol myristate acetate, opsonized zymosan, and two opsonized strains of Haemophilus influenzae (a type b capsulated strain and a noncapsulated strain) was also studied ex vivo by using the blood leukocytes from the 12 test volunteers and 4 control volunteers at 2 and 6 h after the third oral dose of azithromycin and at 2, 4, and 7 days thereafter. Azithromycin did not influence this response despite high levels of cellular accumulation.
 ...
PMID:In vitro and in vivo intraleukocytic accumulation of azithromycin (CP-62, 993) and its influence on ex vivo leukocyte chemiluminescence. 132 19

Haemophilus parasuis, grown under conditions of high aeration, was found to lack a tricarboxylic acid cycle but to possess phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and a reductive pathway leading to the production of succinate. Such organisms contained approximately equal quantities of b-, c-, and d-type cytochromes and excreted acetate. When the oxygen supply for growth was either reduced or eliminated, the specific activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, fumarate reductase, and NADH: fumarate oxidoreductase were increased substantially, and the acid products were succinate, acetate, and formate. Organisms grown under the latter conditions also contained increased quantities of b- and c-type cytochromes, some of which were low-potential cytochromes. These low-potential cytochromes were reduced by NADH and oxidized by fumarate, and hence, appeared to be components of NADH: furmarate oxidoreductase. Our results indicate that in H. parasuis, growing aerobically in medium containing glucose, the sole function of the reductive pathway is to provide intermediates for biosynthetic processes, and oxygen is the preferred electron acceptor. As the supply of oxygen is reduced or eliminated, the reductive pathway becomes more involved in NAD+ recycling and fumarate becomes the acceptor. In effect, irrespective of the oxygen supply, the growth of H. parasuis is absolutely dependent upon the presence of an electron transport system.
 ...
PMID:Effect of oxygen supply during growth on the production of cytochromes, enzymes, and acid end products by Haemophilus parasuis. 146 68

Haemophilus influenzae grown to exponential phase or stationary phase in medium with a low initial concentration of haemin (0.25 microgram/ml) was virtually devoid of cytochromes. Compared with bacteria grown in the presence of excess haemin (10 micrograms/ml), the haemin-limited organisms failed to respire formate and succinate and, generally, the respiratory rates with other substrates were reduced. However, growth rates were not affected by the haemin supply. Haemin-limited growth was associated with a reduced efficiency of glucose utilisation, in terms of glucose growth yields, and affected the net levels of excreted organic acids. Haemin limitation resulted in reduced acetate and increased succinate accumulation in the culture medium and the novel presence of D-lactate. These results indicate that, in contrast to the phenotype expressed in vitro during conventional cultivation of H. influenzae, the haemin-limited phenotype, which may be expressed in vivo, is characterised by a lack of cytochromes and a shift towards a more anaerobic type of metabolism.
 ...
PMID:Effect of haemin limitation on the cytochrome complement and glucose metabolism of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. 162 99

Haemophilus somnus is a catalase-negative, gram-negative pathogen of cattle which is refractory to killing by bovine neutrophils. In this report, we showed that H. somnus rapidly inhibited Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of bovine neutrophils costimulated with opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate. We have postulated that this inhibition resulted in part from H. somnus preventing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during the oxidative burst. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that when stimulated with viable H. somnus, bovine neutrophils accumulate lower levels of H2O2 than did neutrophils stimulated with heat-killed H. somnus or opsonized zymosan. We have presented evidence that four separate strains of H. somnus, despite being catalase negative by conventional criteria, removed H2O2 from solution. Viable cells of H. somnus were required for the removal of H2O2 from solution; little or no activity was observed when suspensions of heat-killed, formalin-killed, or sonicated cells of H. somnus were incubated with H2O2. In addition, the elimination of H2O2 occurred only in the presence of carbon sources that could be utilized by H. somnus, indicating that elimination of H2O2 was an energy-dependent process. The amount of H2O2 that could be eliminated by 10(7) cells of H. somnus was greater than 10 nmol, an amount comparable to that produced by a similar number of stimulated bovine neutrophils. Thus, we suggest that the ability of H. somnus to remove H2O2 from solution may be an important virulence mechanism that contributes to the survival of the organism following ingestion by bovine neutrophils.
 ...
PMID:Elimination of hydrogen peroxide by Haemophilus somnus, a catalase-negative pathogen of cattle. 164 67

Freeze-substitution was performed on strains of Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter fetus, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Aeromonas salmonicida, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, Caulobacter crescentus, and Leptothrix discophora with a substitution medium composed of 2% osmium tetroxide and 2% uranyl acetate in anhydrous acetone. A thick periplasmic gel ranging from 10.6 to 14.3 nm in width was displayed in E. coli K-12, K30, and His 1 (a K-12 derivative containing the K30 capsule genes), P. multocida, C. fetus, P. putida, A. salmonicida, H. pleuropneumoniae, and P. mirabilis. The other bacteria possessed translucent periplasms in which a thinner peptidoglycan layer was seen. Capsular polysaccharide, evident as electron-dense fibers radiating outward perpendicular to the cell surface, was observed on E. coli K30 and His 1 and P. mirabilis cells. A more random arrangement of fibers forming a netlike structure was apparent surrounding cells of H. pleuropneumoniae. For the first time a capsule, distinct from the sheath, was observed on L. discophora. In all instances, capsular polysaccharide was visualized in the absence of stabilizing agents such as homologous antisera or ruthenium red. Other distinct envelope structures were observed external to the outer membrane including the sheath of L. discophora and the S layers of A. salmonicida A450 and C. crescentus CB15A. We believe that the freeze-substitution technique presents a more accurate image of the structural organization of these cells and that it has revealed complex ultrastructural relationships between cell envelope constituents previously difficult to visualize by more conventional means of preparation.
 ...
PMID:Freeze-substitution of gram-negative eubacteria: general cell morphology and envelope profiles. 199 83

A newly developed macrolide clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), with antibacterial spectrum and antibacterial activity nearly equal to those of erythromycin (EM), shows beneficial characteristics such as a higher blood level, higher recovery rate in urine, and better penetration into each tissue than conventional macrolides (MLs). TE-031 has been studied in adults against various infections and proved to be useful. The present paper describes the results of a study in children to examine the usefulness of TE-031 granules and tablets with a potency of 50 mg. TE-031 granules were administered to 132 children with ages from 6 months to 13 years and 10 months. Excluded from the evaluation were 12 cases in which clinical effects were deemed unevaluable. The evaluable subjects consisted of 1 case with pharyngitis, 3 with tonsillitis, 9 with acute bronchitis, 19 with pneumonia, 19 with mycoplasmal pneumonia, 2 with scarlet fever, 20 with Campylobacter enteritis, 11 with impetigo, 2 with subcutaneous abscess, 18 with primary atypical pneumonia and 16 with acute enteritis of unidentified pathogens; a total of 120 subjects. An average daily dose of TE-031 was 25.9 mg/kg, divided into 3 doses except 1 case with 2 daily doses and lengths of the treatment averaged 7 days. TE-031 tablets each containing 50 mg potency, were administered to 49 subjects with ages from 3 year and a month to 14 years consisting of 8 cases with pharyngitis, 1 with tonsillitis, 1 with acute bronchitis, 4 with pneumonia, 14 with mycoplasmal pneumonia, 4 with scarlet fever, 5 with Campylobacter enteritis, 7 with impetigo, 1 with atypical pneumonia, 1 with Salmonella gastroenteritis and 3 with acute enteritis caused by unidentified pathogens, at an average daily dose of 13.5 mg/kg dived into 2-4 doses (2 doses/day for 12 cases, 3 doses for 32, 4 doses for 5) for 7 days on the average. In addition to examine the clinical and bacteriological effects of the 2 dosage forms of TE-031, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for 9 antibiotics consisting of 5 MLs including TE-031, EM, josamycin (JM), midecamycin acetate (MDM acetate), and rokitamycin (RKM), 3 penicillins including ampicillin (ABPC), methicillin, cloxacillin and 1 cephem antibiotic, cefaclor (CCL), against 29 strains consisting of 12 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 7 of Streptococcus pyogenes, 2 of Streptococcus pneumonia 2 of Haemophilus influenzae and 6 of Campylobacter jejuni, out of 71 strains of pathogens or possible pathogens that had been isolated from the cases given TE-031.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical study on clarithromycin granule and tablet in the field of pediatrics]. 252 56

Previously we showed that guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AMs) incubated with serum obtained from Haemophilus influenzae-treated animals had detrimental effects on airway smooth muscle beta-adrenergic receptor function. In the present study the influence of H. influenzae treatment on several functions of guinea pig AMs was examined. Sera obtained from animals 4 days after intraperitoneal administration of H. influenzae or from control guinea pigs possessed similar opsonic capacities. No effects of these sera on hydrogen peroxide release by AMs were observed as compared to the basal hydrogen peroxide release of AMs. Interestingly, stimulation of AMs with serum from control animals resulted in a diminished cyclo-oxygenase product formation, which was potentiated after incubating AMs with serum from H. influenzae-treated guinea pigs. No differences in phagocytic activity of AMs isolated from control or H. influenzae-treated animals were observed. When AMs were incubated with phorbol myristate acetate or zymosan, the cells produced superoxide anion and released hydrogen peroxide. However, the amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide released did not differ between AMs isolated from control or H. influenzae-treated animals.
 ...
PMID:Phagocytosis and metabolism of alveolar macrophages of guinea pigs treated with Haemophilus influenzae. 282 54

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is equated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema as one disease entity. In COPD airflow limitation is relatively persistent--unlike asthma. Tests for "small-airways disease" form no part of routine practice, for their accuracy in detecting pathological change is debatable. The proteolytic theory of the pathogenesis of emphysema highlights the role of neutrophil elastase, antielastases, oxidants, antioxidants, and thus of potential new treatments. Clinical features of COPD include breathlessness, cough, and sputum, with airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation. The differential diagnosis includes bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension, but pulmonary fibrosis, etc., is distinguished by radiological infiltrates. Plain chest radiography cannot reliably diagnose emphysema in life, but a new method measuring lung density from the computed tomographic (CT) scan allows location, quantitation, and diagnosis of emphysema (defined by enlargement of distal air spaces) in humans in life. "Pink puffers" with breathlessness, hyperinflation, mild hypoxemia, and a low PCO2 are contrasted with "blue bloaters" with hypoxemia, secondary polycythemia, CO2 retention, and pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Antismoking measures are a major aim in management. A bronchodilator regimen combining a slow-release oral theophylline with an inhaled beta 2-agonist, ipratropium, and high-dose inhaled steroids is proposed because even modest improvement in obstruction can help these patients. In acute exacerbations with purulent sputum, antimicrobials against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae are used with controlled oxygen therapy aiming to keep the arterial PO2 over 50 mm Hg without the pH falling below 7.25. Influenza prophylaxis is recommended, but pneumococcal vaccination remains debatable. Chronic under-nutrition in "emphysema" implies controlled trials of feeding regimens--but these remain to be assessed. Long-term oxygen therapy is the only treatment known to prolong life in blue bloaters, and oxygen concentrators and transtracheal oxygen delivery are discussed. Pulmonary vasodilators (e.g., beta 2-agonists, hydralazine, nifedipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, etc.) have not yet been proved to provide long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure. Blue bloaters have severe nocturnal hypoxemia in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that is corrected by oxygen or the investigational drug almitrine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 304 40

Rokitamycin (RKM), a newly developed macrolide antibiotic with a 16-membered ring, dissolves well under acidic conditions. It has been improved over other macrolides to minimize individual variations in its absorbability. We measured, using the GA-test, variations in gastric acidities of 43 children with ages between 1 to 14 years, and investigated the relationship between gastric acidities and pharmacokinetic values. Also activities (expressed in MICs) of antimicrobial agents were studied against clinically isolated 229 bacterial strains using an inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. Tested organisms included Streptococcus pyogenes (77 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (29), Streptococcus pneumoniae (2), as Gram-positive cocci, and Haemophilus influenzae (1), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1), Bordetella pertussis (12), Salmonella sp. (4) and Campylobacter jejuni (103) as Gram-negative bacilli. Against stock strains of bacteria, MICs of 10 drugs (RKM, erythromycin (EM), josamycin (JM), midecamycin (MDM), midecamycin acetate (MOM), clindamycin (CLDM), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefaclor (CCL), minocycline, ofloxacin (OFLX] were determined. Against isolates from patients who underwent treatment with RKM, MICs of only 4 drugs (RKM, EM, JM, MOM) were determined. Measurements were made on plasma and urinary concentrations of RKM and its urinary recovery rates after patients including 6 boys with ages between 5 years 1 month and 11 years 6 months were administered with RKM (dry syrup). Two groups of 6 boys were administered between meals with RKM at dose levels of 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Clinical and bacteriological effects of RKM were evaluated for 175 patients including 5 cases of pharyngitis, 3 tonsillitis, 32 pneumonia, 17 mycoplasmal pneumonia, 34 atypical pneumonia, 28 streptococcal infections, 29 Campylobacter enteritis, 4 Salmonella gastroenteritis, and 23 enteritis due to unknown organisms. Five drop-out cases were excluded from the evaluations. In the evaluable cases, an average dose level used was 31.8 mg/kg/day, with a daily dose divided into 3 to 4 administrations and with an average treatment duration of 9 days. Adverse reactions of RKM and its effects on laboratory test values were investigated in these patients including the drop out cases. Obtained results of these studies are summarized below. 1. The GA-test produced pH values indicating that amounts of gastric acid were mostly either normal or high in 42 of the 43 subjects tested (97.7%), and only one low acid case (2.3%) was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Microbiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of rokitamycin dry syrup in the pediatric field]. 305 Jan 86

Laboratory and clinical studies on rokitamycin (RKM) dry syrup, a new macrolide antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates after oral administration on fasting of RKM dry syrup at doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg to 2 and 1 cases, respectively, were determined. Peak plasma levels were obtained in 30 minutes after administration of both dosages with half-lives of 1.5 to 2.2 hours. A clear-cut dose response was observed. Urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours after administration ranged from 1.75 to 2.26%. 2. The MICs of RKM against 80 clinical isolates (Streptococcus pyogenes 9, Streptococcus pneumoniae 14, Branhamella catarrhalis 4, Haemophilus influenzae 27, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 9, Haemophilus haemolyticus 2, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus 14 and Campylobacter jejuni 1) were compared with MICs of midecamycin acetate (MOM), josamycin (JM) and erythromycin (EM). The antibacterial activity of RKM was superior to those of MOM and JM and slightly inferior to that of EM. 3. Twenty-eight pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases (acute tonsillitis 4, streptococcal infection 4, acute bronchitis 9, pneumonia 4, mycoplasmal pneumonia 2 and Campylobacter enteritis 5) were treated with RKM dry syrup at a daily dose of 12-42.9 mg/kg t.i.d. as a rule. Efficacy rates were 92.9% clinically and 58.6% bacteriologically. 4. No adverse reactions were observed. Abnormal laboratory findings were mild; thrombocytosis in 2 and eosinophilia in 1. 5. The taste and the odor of RKM dry syrup preparation were sufficiently tolerable for the pediatric patients to accept it.
 ...
PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of rokitamycin dry syrup in the field of pediatrics]. 317 61


1 2 3 4 Next >>