Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro activity of OPC-17116 was compared to that of five similar fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and temafloxacin). A total of 700 isolates from recent cases of clinical bacteremia were tested. Fifty additional stock strains with well-characterized resistance mechanisms were also processed. The minimal concentrations inhibiting 90% of strains (MIC90) of Enterobacteriaceae species were for OPC-17116 0.015-0.5 micrograms/ml and for ciprofloxacin 0.015-0.25 micrograms/ml. Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were very susceptible to OPC-17116 (MIC90 0.015 micrograms/ml) thus being fourfold more active than ciprofloxacin. For all beta-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci OPC-17116 MICs were less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml. The most resistant enteric bacilli were among the Citrobacter freundii and Providencia rettgeri strains (MIC90 0.5 micrograms/ml). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were comparably susceptible to OPC-17116 (MIC90 0.5 micrograms/ml). Low pH and CO2 incubation had an adverse effect on OPC-17116 MICs, and resistance development was documented among current clinical isolates of staphylococci, pseudomonas and some Enterobacteriaceae.
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PMID:In vitro activity of OPC-17116 compared to other broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones. 132 89

Fifteen healthy old people mean age 84 years (range 80-91 years), were examined to assess the effect of advanced age on the microecology of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Twelve of 15 (80%) were hypochlorhydric with pH 6.6 (0.3) (mean (SEM) and a mean bacterial count of 10(8) colony forming units (CFU) per ml (range 10(5)-10(10)) in fasting gastric aspirate. Normochlorhydric subjects had low counts (< or = 10(1) CFU/ml). The microbial flora was dominated by viridans streptococci, coagulase negative staphylococci, and Haemophilus sp. Only one subject harboured significant concentrations of Gram negative bacilli with Escherichia coli (10(4-5) CFU/ml) and Klebsiella (10(4-5)). Strict anaerobes were not found. The total concentration of short chain fatty acids in gastric aspirate was 10.6 (2.9) mmol/l (mean (SEM). Absence of significant, intraluminal fermentation of xylose to CO2 was shown by the 14C-d Xylose breath test, and ambulatory manometry showed preserved fasting motility pattern of the small intestine. Serum immunoglobulins were normal. Advanced age is accompanied by fasting hypochlorhydria and colonisation with mainly Gram positive flora in the upper gut. Other factors than old age and fasting hypochlorhydria are required for colonisation with Gram negative bacilli.
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PMID:Fasting hypochlorhydria with gram positive gastric flora is highly prevalent in healthy old people. 144 55

A gram-negative coccobacillus was isolated from the lower respiratory tract of a cat with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The isolate required CO2 and V factor for growth and was initially identified as Haemophilus paraphrophilus on the basis of its nutritional requirements, colony morphology, and some biochemical tests. Because of the host specificity of Haemophilus species and discrepancies in catalase, oxidase, and hemolytic activities, additional testing was done. Extensive biochemical testing, G+C content, and DNA reassociation studies indicated that the organism was distinct from other Haemophilus species. Therefore, the organism was identified as a previously unrecognized Haemophilus species and was tentatively named "Haemophilus felis." Bacteria identical to the original isolate were isolated from the nasopharynxes of 6 of 28 apparently normal cats, indicating that H. felis or H. felis-like organisms may be common members of the feline upper respiratory tract flora.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of a newly identified Haemophilus species from cats: "Haemophilus felis". 801 6

Azithromycin and erythromycin disk test results were compared to MIC values obtained in six different media. One hundred isolates were tested in triplicate, and geometric mean MICs were plotted against arithmetic mean zone diameters and regression statistics calculated. The test media evaluated did not markedly influence MIC values, but incubation in 5-7% CO2 resulted in a two- to four-fold decrease in the activity of both drugs. For testing Haemophilus influenzae and other species that need to be tested in 5-7% CO2, interpretive breakpoints for the macrolides and azalides should be modified to compensate for the anticipated decrease in activity.
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PMID:Influence of the test medium on azithromycin and erythromycin regression statistics. 166 29

Sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) was tested against over 800 recent bacteremic strains and compared with ciprofloxacin and six other fluoroquinolones. The 90% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) ranges for the Enterobacteriaceae species were (a) sparfloxacin, 0.03-1 microgram/ml and (b) ciprofloxacin, 0.015-0.25 microgram/ml. Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were very susceptible to sparfloxacin (MIC90s, 0.004- less than or equal to 0.03 microgram/ml) and the other comparison drugs. Staphylococcus aureas and other staphylococci were generally susceptible to the tested fluoroquinolones but very susceptible to sparfloxacin and WIN 57273. All beta-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and pneumococci had sparfloxacin MICs of less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. Sparfloxacin was quite active against anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis gr. and Gram-positive strains (MIC90s, less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml). The most resistant enteric bacilli were among Serratia marcescens and the Proteae, especially the Providencia spp. (two- to eightfold higher MICs). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were also susceptible to sparfloxacin (MIC90, 2 micrograms/ml). Magnesium ions, CO2 incubation, and low pH had some adverse effect on sparfloxacin MICs, and resistance development was documented among current clinical isolates of staphylococci, pseudomonas, and some enteric species.
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PMID:In vitro antimicrobial activity of sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) compared with numerous other quinolone compounds. 190 15

The in-vitro activity of a new macrolide antibiotic CP-62,993 (Pfizer Ltd) was determined for 420 bacterial isolates, comprising 150 Haemophilus influenzae, 48 Branhamella catarrhalis, 50 Staphylococcus aureus, 50 coagulase negative staphylococci, 50 beta-haemolytic streptococci, 50 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 22 oral streptococci. CP-62,993 was compared with erythromycin and penicillin (ampicillin in the case of H. influenzae). The MICs of CP-62,993 were found to be lower than those of erythromycin for the two Gram-negative species tested: this was particularly marked in the case of H. influenzae where a ten-fold difference in the MIC50 was observed (CP-62,993, 0.25 mg/l, erythromycin 2 mg/l). In general MICs of CP-62,993 were two-fold higher than those of erythromycin for the Gram-positive species studied, with the exception of the oral streptococci which were equally susceptible (MIC50 0.03 mg/l) to both macrolides. Activity similar to that of erythromycin was observed against Str. pneumoniae (MIC values 0.015-0.12 mg/l), Staph. aureus (MIC 0.12-1 mg/l) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (MIC 0.06-4 mg/l). Incubation in a CO2 enriched atmosphere decreased activity of both erythromycin and CP-62,993. The effect was more marked for CP-62,993, the MIC50s of all groups of organisms being increased four-fold when they were incubated in the presence of 5 or 10% CO2.
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PMID:The in-vitro activity of CP-62,993 against Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, staphylococci and streptococci. 283 51

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials were determined for 100 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (including 30 beta-lactamase producing strains) and 100 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. MICs were determined using an agar dilution technique in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 10% lysed horse blood. The inoculum used was approximately 10(4) colony-forming units, contained in 10 microliters of Mueller-Hinton broth, which was applied to the agar plates using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation, plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 18 h in an atmosphere enriched to 10% carbon dioxide. The MIC of each antimicrobial for each isolate examined was determined as the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial which completely inhibited growth of the inoculum. The minimum concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the organisms examined were also determined. The more recently synthesised 4-quinolones showed considerably greater activity than nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid against clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. There was no apparent difference between the MICs observed for beta-lactamase producing and non-beta-lactamase producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Ciprofloxacin was the most active 4-quinolone examined (MIC90 for Haemophilus influenzae 0.008 microgram/ml; Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 micrograms/ml). Clinical studies on a possible role for some of the more recently synthesised 4-quinolones in the management of patients with respiratory infection are indicated.
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PMID:The comparative activity of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. 294 Dec 58

There is poor correlation between the MICs and zone sizes obtained for erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. The effect of two media, Mueller-Hinton medium supplemented with 3% lysed horse blood and 10 micrograms of NAD per ml (MHA + LYHB) and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 1% bovine hemoglobin and 1% IsoVitaleX (MHA + HGB), on the MICs and zone sizes of erythromycin against H. influenzae was determined. The effect of three different methods for inoculum preparation on the susceptibility of H. influenzae was also determined. The MICs were independent of the method of inoculum preparation, but the zone sizes were smaller if the inoculum was carefully adjusted to contain approximately 10(8) CFU/ml. MICs were higher and zone sizes were smaller when MHA + HGB was used instead of MHA + LYHB. Good correlation was found when MHA + LYHB was used for determining the MIC and MHA + HGB was used for determining susceptibility by the disk method. When the inoculum was adjusted to match a McFarland 0.5 standard, the viable counts had to be approximately 10(8) CFU/ml for good correlation between MICs and zone sizes. A-56268, a new macrolide antibiotic, was tested against H. influenzae, and its MICs and tentative breakpoints against this organism were determined. The MICs obtained by various methods were correlated with in vivo efficacy by using a mouse septicemia model. MICs obtained on MHA + HGB or MHA + LYHB incubated without a 5% CO2 atmosphere showed the best correlation with in vivo efficacy.
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PMID:Susceptibility testing of macrolide antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae and correlation of in vitro results with in vivo efficacy in a mouse septicemia model. 295 54

Four separate laboratories performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests with 40 Haemophilus influenzae isolates, each tested in triplicate. Erythromycin and a new macrolide, clarithromycin (A-56268; TE-031), were tested by the disk diffusion method, by the agar dilution procedure in two different media, and by broth microdilution tests in four different media. Erythromycin MICs for 90% of the strains were 16 micrograms/ml in Mueller-Hinton broth with 3% lysed horse blood and NAD, 4.0 micrograms/ml in hemophilus test medium, and 2.0 micrograms/ml in supplemented Schaedler broth or in the fastidious broth medium from Beckman Instruments, Inc. Clarithromycin MICs were generally 1 doubling dilution greater than erythromycin MICs in each of the media. Erythromycin disk tests corresponded best with MICs determined in the fastidious broth medium. In that same medium, clarithromycin MICs were about 1 doubling dilution greater than what would be expected from the results of disk tests. Because there were fewer growth failures, hemophilus test medium is recommended for microdilution tests with H. influenzae. Incubation of all tests for a full 24 h without an increased CO2 atmosphere was needed to achieve maximal precision of the tests. Interlaboratory and intralaboratory reproducibility of all tests was satisfactory.
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PMID:Variability of clarithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae in four different broth media and correlation with the standard disk diffusion test. 297 73

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is equated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema as one disease entity. In COPD airflow limitation is relatively persistent--unlike asthma. Tests for "small-airways disease" form no part of routine practice, for their accuracy in detecting pathological change is debatable. The proteolytic theory of the pathogenesis of emphysema highlights the role of neutrophil elastase, antielastases, oxidants, antioxidants, and thus of potential new treatments. Clinical features of COPD include breathlessness, cough, and sputum, with airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation. The differential diagnosis includes bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension, but pulmonary fibrosis, etc., is distinguished by radiological infiltrates. Plain chest radiography cannot reliably diagnose emphysema in life, but a new method measuring lung density from the computed tomographic (CT) scan allows location, quantitation, and diagnosis of emphysema (defined by enlargement of distal air spaces) in humans in life. "Pink puffers" with breathlessness, hyperinflation, mild hypoxemia, and a low PCO2 are contrasted with "blue bloaters" with hypoxemia, secondary polycythemia, CO2 retention, and pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Antismoking measures are a major aim in management. A bronchodilator regimen combining a slow-release oral theophylline with an inhaled beta 2-agonist, ipratropium, and high-dose inhaled steroids is proposed because even modest improvement in obstruction can help these patients. In acute exacerbations with purulent sputum, antimicrobials against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae are used with controlled oxygen therapy aiming to keep the arterial PO2 over 50 mm Hg without the pH falling below 7.25. Influenza prophylaxis is recommended, but pneumococcal vaccination remains debatable. Chronic under-nutrition in "emphysema" implies controlled trials of feeding regimens--but these remain to be assessed. Long-term oxygen therapy is the only treatment known to prolong life in blue bloaters, and oxygen concentrators and transtracheal oxygen delivery are discussed. Pulmonary vasodilators (e.g., beta 2-agonists, hydralazine, nifedipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, etc.) have not yet been proved to provide long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure. Blue bloaters have severe nocturnal hypoxemia in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that is corrected by oxygen or the investigational drug almitrine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 304 40


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