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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four separate laboratories performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests with 40 Haemophilus influenzae isolates, each tested in triplicate. Erythromycin and a new macrolide, clarithromycin (A-56268; TE-031), were tested by the disk diffusion method, by the agar dilution procedure in two different media, and by broth microdilution tests in four different media. Erythromycin MICs for 90% of the strains were 16 micrograms/ml in Mueller-Hinton broth with 3% lysed horse blood and NAD, 4.0 micrograms/ml in hemophilus test medium, and 2.0 micrograms/ml in supplemented Schaedler broth or in the fastidious broth medium from Beckman Instruments, Inc. Clarithromycin MICs were generally 1 doubling dilution greater than erythromycin MICs in each of the media. Erythromycin disk tests corresponded best with MICs determined in the fastidious broth medium. In that same medium, clarithromycin MICs were about 1 doubling dilution greater than what would be expected from the results of disk tests. Because there were fewer growth failures, hemophilus test medium is recommended for microdilution tests with H. influenzae. Incubation of all tests for a full 24 h without an increased CO2 atmosphere was needed to achieve maximal precision of the tests. Interlaboratory and intralaboratory reproducibility of all tests was satisfactory.
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PMID:Variability of clarithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae in four different broth media and correlation with the standard disk diffusion test. 297 73

A total of 432 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (128), coagulase-negative staphylococci (123), group A and B beta-hemolytic streptococci (61), group D streptococci (30), Streptococcus penumoniae (29), Haemophilus influenzae (19), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (12), and Legionella pneumophila (30) were examined with the agar dilution and Bauer-Kirby agar disk diffusion tests for susceptibility to josamycin as compared with erythromycin. On a weight-for-weight basis, erythromycin was more active than josamycin against all bacterial species, including L. pneumophila. Josamycin inhibited 18 of 23 S. aureus and 11 of 16 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains resistant to erythromycin. Utilizing minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) breakpoints of less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml (sensitive), 4 microgram/ml (intermediate) and of greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml (resistant), and inhibition zone criteria of greater than or equal to 18 mm diameter (sensitive), 14-17 mm (intermediate), and less than or equal to 13 mm (resistant), and excluding L. pneumophila, there was good correlation between erythromycin MIC and corresponding disk diffusion data for staphylococci and streptococci, but not for Haemophilus species. In comparison, josamycin yielded a significant number of minor discrepant data for group D streptococci and Haemophilus species. It is suggested that erythromycin and josamycin should not be tested against Haemophilus species, and that josamycin should be excluded from test batteries against enterococci. Erythromycin-resistant staphylococci require separate testing with josamycin.
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PMID:Josamycin: interpretation of inhibition zones with the Bauer-Kirby agar disk diffusion test as compared with erythromycin. 373 19

Fourteen out of 150 (9.3%) consecutive strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated on culture of sputum in the Bacteriology Department, Belfast City Hospital, during 1982/83 were found to be ampicillin-resistant (beta-lactamase-producing). Susceptibility testing to other antibiotics of these ampicillin-resistant strains showed that cefuroxime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, and amoxycillin with clavulanic acid were reliable alternatives. Other useful alternatives included tetracycline, trimethoprim and co-trimoxazole. Erythromycin was of limited usefulness.
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PMID:Ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. 387 16

Previous studies have shown erythromycin to penetrate into both the middle-ear effusion and the adenoid tissue in children with Otitis Media with Effusion (OME). The levels obtained were similar to the plasma levels. Cultures in long-standing cases of OME have yielded respiratory pathogens--Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis--in the nasopharynx in 79 per cent and in the middle-ear effusion in 18 per cent. In the present investigation a group of children with OME of more than three months' duration were given erythromycin (Abboticin) in standard dosage for the last 10 days prior to scheduled operation (paracentesis or tympanostomy). Resolution was determined as normalization of the middle ear status, and this led to cancellation of surgery. The rate of resolution--12/26 (45 per cent)--was significantly higher than in a similar group of children not treated with erythromycin--11/72 (15 per cent). There are thus rational reasons for using erythromycin in OME, in many cases as an alternative to tympanostomy.
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PMID:Erythromycin in the treatment of otitis media with effusion (OME). 654 Jul 92

Seventy-five children not older than 11 years, with secretory otitis media of more than 3 months' duration were randomly divided into two groups prior to myringotomy. One group remained untreated, whereas the other received erythromycin ethylsuccinate (Abboticin) in standard dosage for the last 10 days before surgery. Nasopharyngeal cultures were taken under general anaesthesia, which ensured an uniform mode of sampling. In the erythromycin-treated group the occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (3%) and Branhamella catarrhalis (0%) was significantly lower than in the control group (35% and 32%, respectively); and the frequency of cultures with no pathogen was significantly higher in the treated group. The occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae remained essentially unchanged.
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PMID:The effect of erythromycin on the nasopharyngeal pathogens in children with secretory otitis media. 660 21

Hemophilus influenzae isolates from sputum of 111 patients with chronic bronchitis were tested for susceptibility to 8 antimicrobial drugs. A new beta-lactam, LY-127935, was the most active agent tested. Ampicillin, cefamandole, tetracycline, and cefuroxime showed good activity against most isolates. Two strains, both nontypable, were resistant to ampicillin and produced beta-lactamase. Cefaclor was somewhat less effective, although most strains were susceptible. Erythromycin and cephalexin were of limited utility.
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PMID:Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Hemophilus influenzae from adults. 696 9

The treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) has three main aims: to relieve pain, to control fever and in case of suppurative AOM, to overcome the bacterial infection. The two former aims are best managed with salicylates or paracetamol. The local instillation of drops of an anaesthetic-antiseptic solution in the external canal is a useful adjuvant in painful congestive viral otitis. Antibiotherapy is only indicated in suppurative AOM. The most common organisms being Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, amoxicillin is the first line treatment. However, in children who were treated for suppurative AOM in the previous months, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or a second generation cephalosporin is preferable. Erythromycin-sulfonamide may also be used, particularly in children who are allergic to beta-lactamines. In case of failure of the first choice antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to perform a bacteriological study of the effusion which will determine the appropriate antibiotic to be used in second hand. The duration of the antibiotic treatment must be of 8 days in the absence of spontaneous perforation, and of 10 days in case of perforation. An examination of the tympanum at 10 days is recommended in infants under 6 months of age and in children with repeated AOM. A myringostomy is only indicated when a bacteriological evaluation is needed, mainly in infants under 6 months of age, in immuno-compromised children, and in case of failure of a first line antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:[Treatment of acute otitis media]. 773 33

Some recently marketed macrolide antimicrobial agents possess physiochemical, antimicrobial, and pharmacokinetic advantages that enable their wider clinical use against Haemophilus influenzae infections. A five-laboratory study assessed the validity of existing or proposed azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin interpretive criteria for tests with H. influenzae isolates. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methods, criteria, and quality-control guidelines were used. A total of 350 H. influenzae strains were processed, including fresh clinical isolates (250 strains) and replicate tests of 100 stock cultures sampling strains isolated from 1984 to 91. Azithromycin interpretive criteria (susceptible at < or = 4 micrograms/ml, > or = 12 mm) produced a 99.8% absolute agreement between the minimum inhibitory concentrations and disk diffusion results (0.2% false-susceptible error). Clarithromycin breakpoint criteria (susceptible at < or = 8 micrograms/ml, > or = 13 mm; and resistant at > or = 32 micrograms/ml, < or = 10 mm) produced high minor interpretive error, but < or = 1% combined false-susceptible and false-resistant discrepancies. Erythromycin interpretive guidelines were initially proposed for susceptible at < or = 0.5 microgram/ml, > or = 26 mm. This categorizes nearly all H. influenzae strains as resistant to this older macrolide. The NCCLS should consider the proposed erythromycin criteria for publication in appropriate tables, and a class drug should also be selected (azithromycin) that would best predict macrolide-class susceptibility for those agents indicated by the US Food and Drug Administration for H. influenzae infection chemotherapy (azithromycin and clarithromycin). No serious interpretive problems were observed with the current NCCLS criteria using Haemophilus test medium.
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PMID:Validation of NCCLS macrolide (azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin) interpretive criteria for Haemophilus influenzae tested with the Haemophilus test medium. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 792 21

Clinical efficacy of azithromycin and erythromycin was compared in an open trial in 32 and 18 patients with acute sinusitis respectively. The following pathogens were isolated: Haemophilus influenzae (29.8 per cent), Streptococcus pneumoniae (19.1 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (10.6 per cent), Streptococcus faecalis (8.5 per cent) and other microbes (8.5 per cent). Azithromycin was administered in a dose of 500 mg on day 1. During the following 4 days it was administered in a dose of 250 mg. Erythromycin was administered in a dose of 500 mg 4 times a day for 8 to 10 days. 91.2 per cent of the aerobic microflora were sensitive to azitromycin and 85.3 per cent were sensitive to erythromycin. One of 14 strains of H. influenzae proved to be resistant to azithromycin, 3 strains were resistant to erythromycin. Complete recovery was stated in 90.6 per cent of the cases treated with azithromycin and 66.7 per cent of the cases treated with erythromycin.
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PMID:[Comparative clinical effectiveness and tolerance of azithromycin (sumamed) and erythromycin in patients with sinusitis]. 806 Jan 76

The benefits of antibiotic treatment and a nasopharyngeal culture in children with longstanding cough were analysed in a prospective randomized open study. Clinically suspected pertussis was excluded. Of 40 children given erythromycin for 7 days, 35 (88%) recovered in one week, compared with 17/47 (36%) untreated (p < 0.0001). Erythromycin eliminated Moraxella catarrhalis from the nasopharynx in 21/31 children (68%), compared with spontaneous disappearance in 7/35 (20%) untreated controls (p < 0.001). Purulent bronchitis or otitis media occurred in 2 children (5%) in the treatment group and in 21 (45%) in the control group (p < 0.01). To evaluate the clinical role of isolated pathogens, the 47 untreated subjects were studied. Seven of 35 children harbouring M. catarrhalis recovered, compared with 8/12 in whom this bacterium was absent (p < 0.01). No correlation was found between the isolation of Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae and the clinical outcome. Children with persistent cough > 10 days may benefit from erythromycin treatment. M. catarrhalis in the nasopharynx indicates prolonged symptoms and increased risk of bacterial complications.
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PMID:Erythromycin treatment is beneficial for longstanding Moraxella catarrhalis associated cough in children. 836 28


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