Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ampicillin resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration >/=10 mug/ml) in the absence of beta-lactamase activity by Haemophilus influenzae was noted in tests performed with Mueller-Hinton agar containing one lot of supplement C. All strains, except five with known resistance due to beta-lactamase activity, were inhibited by 0.6 mug or less of ampicillin per ml of chocolatized blood agar.
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PMID:Spurious ampicillin resistance by testing Haemophilus influenzae with agar containing supplement C. 108 1

Sixty-seven clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from various sections of the United States, England, and Germany were tested for susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, epicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and methicillin. Fifty-three of the strains had previously been judged to be ampicillin resistant and 14 had been determined to be ampicillin susceptible. Fifty-two of the 53 resistant strains produced beta-lactamase, but none of the susceptible strains produced it. On the basis of minimal inhibitory concentrations, the most active compounds were ticarcillin and carbenicillin. Whether this greater activity is useful clinically has not been established.
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PMID:Susceptibility of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae to seven penicillins. 108 2

A 28-year-old female in Denver was found in early 1974 to have frontal sinusitis, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae, type B. The minimal inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for this organism was 100 mug/ml and the minimal bactericidal concentration was >100 mug/ml. It was inhibited by chloramphenicol at 0.4 mug/ml. Further studies demonstrated that ampicillin and methicillin were synergistic against this organism. It was shown to produce a diffusible beta-lactamase. Transferase of resistance from this organism to a susceptible Haemophilus parainfluenzae and a reciprocal transfer were accomplished. A test for transformation was negative as was a test for reversal of resistance by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
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PMID:Characterization of an ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B. 108 27

Chloramphenicol is presently the drug of choice in the initial treatment of serious infections due to Hemophilus influenzae type b. Rapid detection of ampicillin resistance in clinical isolates would facilitate early discontinuation of chloramphenicol therapy in patients infected with ampicillin-sensitive bacteria. A total of 160 strains of H. influenzae type b were tested with a one-hour acidimetric microassay for beta-lactamase activity. All ampicillin-resistant strains rapidly hydrolysed the beta-lactam ring of penicillin. When isolates were encoded and tested without knowledge of their MICs, the 40 ampicillin-resistant strains (MIC greater than or equal to 2 mug/ml) were readily distinguished from 120 sensitive strains. Rapid beta-lactamase assay is therefore a reliable detector of ampicillin resistance in H. influenzae type b.
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PMID:Evaluation of a rapid beta-lactamase test for detecting ampicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus influenzae type b. 108 35

A new technique for detecting penicillinase production in Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus was compared with the capillary procedure for detecting beta-lactamase and the Bauer-Kirby disk susceptibility procedure. Isolates were classified similarly by all three procedures.
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PMID:New method for detecting in vitro inactivation of penicillins by Haemophilus influenzae and Staphlycoccus aureus. 108 35

Cefuroxime is a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability to beta-lactamases. This stability, although no absolute in all cases, has the effect of widening the antibacterial spectrum of the compound so that many organisms resistant to the established cephalosporins are susceptible to cefuroxime. It is active against gram-positive organisms, including penicillinase-producing staphylococci, but it is less active against methicillin-resistant strains. In addition to its high activity against non-beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria, cefuroxime effectively inhibits the growth of many beta-lactamase-producing strains, including Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and indole-positive Proteus spp. It is highly active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and also Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains. Cefuroxime is rapidly bactericidal and induces the formation and subsequent lysis of filamentous forms over a small concentration range.
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PMID:Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic: activity in vitro. 125 7

The cephalosporins may currently be classified according to their relative susceptibility to beta-lactamases. Cefoxitin, cefamandole, cefatrizine, and cephanone are relatively resistant to the gram-negative beta-lactamases, whereas cephalothin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin are resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Although the inhibitory activity of cephalothin is representative of that of cephaloridine, cephalexin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, and cephradine, there are significant differences between its activity and that of cefoxitin, cefamandole, and cefatrizine, especially against Enterobacter, Serratia, indole-positive Proteeae, Bacteroides fragilis, and ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae.
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PMID:The in vitro spectrum of the cephalosporins. 126 95

Azithromycin is an acid stable orally administered macrolide antimicrobial drug, structurally related to erythromycin, with a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Azithromycin is marginally less active than erythromycin in vitro against Gram-positive organisms, although this is of doubtful clinical significance as susceptibility concentrations fall within the range of achievable tissue azithromycin concentrations. In contrast, azithromycin appears to be more active than erythromycin against many Gram-negative pathogens and several other pathogens, notably Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Urea-plasma urealyticum and Borrelia burgdorferi. Like erythromycin and other macrolides, the activity of azithromycin is unaffected by the production of beta-lactamase. However, erythromycin-resistant organisms are also resistant to azithromycin. Following oral administration, serum concentrations of azithromycin are lower than those of erythromycin, but this reflects the rapid and extensive movement of the drug from the circulation into intracellular compartments resulting in tissue concentrations exceeding those commonly seen with erythromycin. Azithromycin is subsequently slowly released, reflecting its long terminal phase elimination half-life relative to that of erythromycin. These factors allow for a single dose or single daily dose regimen in most infections, with the potential for increased compliance among outpatients where a more frequent antimicrobial regimen might traditionally be indicated. The potential disadvantage of low azithromycin serum concentrations, however, is that breakthrough bacteraemia may occur in patients who are severely ill; nevertheless, animal studies suggest that tissue concentrations of azithromycin are more important than those in serum when treating respiratory and other infections. The clinical efficacy of azithromycin has been confirmed in the treatment of infections of the lower and upper respiratory tracts (the latter including paediatric patients), skin and soft tissues (again including paediatric patients), in uncomplicated urethritis/cervicitis associated with N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis or U. urealyticum and in the treatment of early Lyme disease. Azithromycin was as effective as erythromycin and other commonly used drugs including clarithromycin, beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins), and quinolone and tetracycline antibiotics in some of the above infections. Some patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to H. influenzae may be refractory to therapy with azithromycin (as is the case with erythromycin) indicating the need for physician vigilance, although it should be noted that azithromycin is of equivalent efficacy to amoxicillin in the treatment of such patients. In the therapy of urethritis/cervicitis associated with C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea or U. urealyticum, a single dose azithromycin regimen offers a distinct advantage over currently available pharmacological options, while providing effective therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Azithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy. 128 May 67

Cellulitis of extremities due to Haemophilus influenzae is rare in children. Only 60 cases of Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis of the extremities have been reported. It usually affects young children between the ages of six and 24 months. The lesion often presents with a red-to-bluish-purple discoloration overlying the involved area. High fever and leukocytosis are commonly found. Culture of needle aspirate and blood with appropriate media is necessary for diagnosis. Early diagnosis is especially important because of associated bacteremia and the subsequent possibility of life-threatening complications such as meningitis. We reported a 8-month-old female infant with Haemophilus influenzae type b cellulitis over the right hand. She was admitted due to high fever and painful swelling of the right hand. Edematous right hand with dusky erythematous skin over the dorsum and swelling of the palm with limitation of range of motion were noted on admission. Smear of needle aspirate revealed gram negative bacilli and beta-lactamase(-) Haemophilus influenzae type b was cultivated in the blood culture. She was successfully treated with ampicillin and discharged with stable condition.
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PMID:[Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis of the hand: report of one case]. 129 50

Haemophilus influenzae strains with varied ampicillin resistance and beta-lactamase production patterns were tested against three investigational fluorinated quinolones (CI-960, fleroxacin, temafloxacin) using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methods. The disk diffusion zones and MICs were compared and regression statistics and scattergrams generated. The rank order of the agents according to activity against Haemophilus influenzae was CI-960 (MIC50 0.002 microgram/ml) greater than temafloxacin (MIC50 0.015 microgram/ml) greater than fleroxacin (MIC50 0.03 microgram/ml). The recommended susceptibility interpretive criteria for the 5-micrograms disks of each drug were: for CI-960 greater than or equal to 23 mm (MIC correlate less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml); for fleroxacin greater than or equal to 19 mm (MIC correlate less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml); and for temafloxacin greater than or equal to 16 mm (MIC correlate less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml). All recent Haemophilus influenzae isolates tested were susceptible to these potent fluoroquinolones and no interpretive errors were observed.
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PMID:Interpretive criteria for CI-960, fleroxacin and temafloxacin susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae. 133 May 63


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