Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred and thirty-two patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were randomly allotted to treatment in three groups. They received (a) amoxycillin 250 mg and pivmecillinam 200 mg; or (b) amoxycillin 500 mg; or (c) amoxycillin 500 mg and pivmecillinam 400 mg: three times daily for 10 days. By the 7th day of treatment there was significant improvement over amoxycillin alone for both groups given combined chemotherapy in conversion of sputum to mucoid and in general improvement; at the end of treatment results in patients given the higher doses of both antibiotics were still superior to amoxycillin alone. Patients were observed 2 to 4 weeks later, when those given amoxycillin alone relapsed much more frequently. The three treatments were well tolerated and succeeded equally in clearing potential pathogens from the sputum. Combined treatment may be superior due to synergy against Haemophilus influenzae or to the elimination of beta-lactamase producing organisms and should be investigated further.
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PMID:Pivmecillinam and amoxycillin as combined treatment in purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 33 Apr 83

A 1-year-old boy with recurrent otitis media had been repeatedly treated with antibiotics. A few days after withdrawal of administered ampicillin he again contracted otitis media and ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae was isolated. The strain was serologically untypable. No ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae was found in his family or at the day-care centre that he attended. The ability to produce the beta-lactamase elaborated from this strain could be transferred to ampicillin-sensitive strains of H. influenzae and Escherichia coli in frequencies of 0.7 X 10(-7) and 4.1 X 10(-4) respectively. The transcipients obtained were ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase producing. In the transcipients of E. coli, however, the marker for ampicillin resistance was quite unstable.
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PMID:Occurrence and transfer of ampicillin resistance associated with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolated from a case at a day-care centre. 34 Dec 94

The authors developed a rapid slide test modification of the iodometric method for detection of penicillinase produced by organisms growing on routine plating media. A loopful of colonies is scraped from the agar surface and emulsified in one drop of an iodine-penicillin solution on a glass slide. Addition of a drop of 0.4% starch solution results in a purple color when penicillinase is not present; a colorless reaction denotes a positive test. The slide test yielded positive results identical to those of a starch agar-plate method with 26 Staphylococcus aureus isolates; a further seven showed comparable negative tests. Penicillinase production was associated with a S. aureus penicillin MIC of greater than or equal to 0.5 micron/ml. All 15 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates gave negative test results, as did 22 Bacteroides fragilis (MIC greater than or equal to 3.1). Twenty ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae were negative by both the slide test and a Levinthal broth method; an additional five resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 10) isolates were positive by both methods. Twenty-eight (penicillin MIC greater than or equal to 0.8) of 50 Bacteroides melaninogenicus were slide test-positive for penicillinase. Two penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae gave positive slide tests, while eight other non-penicillinase-producers were negative.
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PMID:A rapid slide test for penicillinase. 34 99

Organisms of the Haemophilus group isolated from nonrespiratory and respiratory sources were studied taxonomically. All biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were encountered. However, nearly all H. influenzae from cerebrospinal fluids belonged to biotype I, while nearly all of those from conjunctivae belonged to biotype II. Only two of the 78 biotypable strains of H. influenzae produced beta-lactamase, but there was no other substantial difference in antimicrobial susceptibilities among biotypes of H. influenzae. Biotypes of H. parainfluenzae were less susceptible to penicillins and cephalosporins than those of H. influenzae.
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PMID:The taxonomy and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus species in clinical specimens. 36 76

Cefuroxime is a new parenteral antibiotic with a wider spectrum of activity than earlier cephalosporins and is particularly active against Haemophilus influenzae, including strains resistant to ampicillin due to beta-lactamase production. From 18 centres, 274 patients suffering with 275 infections were treated with cefuroxime sodium using the standard regimen of 750 mg 8-hourly by intramuscular injection. The clinical results showed a 90% success rate in the patients with bronchopneumonia (105), 91% in patients with post-operative pneumonia (74), and 89% in the patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (96). Renal function was closely monitored during therapy, and no adverse changes attributable to cefuroxime therapy were seen in any patient, including those who also received frusemide. Two patients (0.7%) developed a rash, although 8 penicillin-allergic patients were treated without incident. From these studies, it can be concluded that 750 mg cefuroxime 8-hourly is effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. It is suggested that the attributes of this antibiotic may offer several advantages over existing therapies.
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PMID:Cefuroxime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. 37 91

The mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions, adverse reactions and therapeutic uses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a combination enzyme-specific inhibitor of bacterial folate synthesis, are reviewed. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole currently is approved by the FDA for the therapy of established recurrent bacterial urinary tract infections, pneumocystosis, otitis media in children and shigellosis. Claimed advantages of the drug are synergistic activity, bactericidal activity and ability to decrease the rate of emergence of resistance to the individual components. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for treatment of pneumocystosis and an acceptable oral therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria. In children with otitis media, it is used as an alternative to ampicillin and amoxicillin and is preferred when these patients are penicillin-sensitive or when the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. Hematologic reactions (anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole occur rarely. Gastrointestinal intolerance and skin eruptions are the most prevalent adverse reactions. Most untoward reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole develop within two weeks of onset of therapy, and their incidence compares favorably with that of standard agents administered for the same indications.
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PMID:Drug therapy reviews: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 38 41

A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparison of parenteral cefamandole and ampicillin was conducted in 27 hospitalized adult patients with pneumonia or purulent tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus spp. Patients received either parenteral cefamandole or ampicillin in a dose of 1 g every 6 h. Cefamandole was as effective and safe as ampicillin. Of the 14 patients treated with cefamandole, 13 were considered cured, as were 12 of the 13 treated with ampicillin. One patient in each treatment group improved clinically but did not clear his sputum of Haemophilus spp. One patient treated with cefamandole had a recurrence of Haemophilus spp. bronchitis 9 days after cure. Adverse effects were more common in the cefamandole-treated group (50% versus 15%), but were mild and did not require discontinuation of therapy in any patient. The in vitro susceptibilities of 64 clinical isolates of Haemophilus spp. to 10 antibiotics were determined. Cefamandole was the most active of the cephalosporin-cephamycin antibiotics tested, inhibiting 98% of 61 non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates at 2 mug/ml and 100% at 4 mug/ml. Cefamandole inhibited the three ampicillin-resistant isolates at 2 mug/ml or less. Cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cephalothin were the next most active, whereas cefazolin and cephradine were the least active.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in the therapy of Haemophilus spp. Bronchopulmonary infections. 38 11

A number of ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae could donate a gene specifying the type IIIa (TEM) beta-lactamase to Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Donor strains rapidly lost their ability to transfer ampicillin resistance on storage or subculture. Such strains also apparently contained a single species of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid of contour length 1.2 mum, equivalent to about 2.5 x 10(6) daltons. No species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid large enough to encode sex factor activity was detected. Despite this, transfer occurred to several bacterial genera in the presence of deoxyribonuclease, suggesting that transmissibility was by conjugation. The beta-lactamase gene was generally unstable after transfer and was lost in the absence of selection. Where stable transcipients were found, this was evidently by insertion of the beta-lactamase gene into the host chromosome. In P. aeruginosa insertion was always accompanied by induction of auxotrophy for adenine, suggesting insertion at a specific site. It is believed that insertion also occurred at one site on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. Crypticity measurements for beta-lactamase activity showed that there was little or no penetration barrier to beta-lactam drugs in Haemophilus. This may explain the long delay in the acquisition of ampicillin resistance by this organism.
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PMID:Transfer of a plasmid-specified beta-lactamase gene from Haemophilus influenzae. 40 56

Several beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined for R plasmids. Penicillin-resistant strains isolated from men returning from the Far East and their contacts contained a 4.4 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid in common. Transformation studies and the isolation of a spontaneous penicillin-susceptible segregant showed that the structural gene for beta-lactamase was part of the 4.4 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid. An additional penicillin-resistant gonococcal strain isolated in London was found to harbor a 3.2 x 10(6)-dalton R plasmid. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA duplex studies revealed that the penicillin-resistant gonococcal isolates contained a significant portion (about 40%) of the transposable DNA sequence, TnA, which includes the beta-lactamase gene commonly found on R plasmids of the Enterobacteriaceae and Haemophilus influenzae.
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PMID:Plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase production in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 40 64

A modified 1-min iodometric paper strip test for penicillinase activity was developed for detection of beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The test is simple to perform and uses reagent-impregnated strips that may be stored for 1 year or more prior to use.
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PMID:Rapid penicillinase paper strip test for detection of beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 40 36


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