Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The emergence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus as a clinical problem in otitis media necessitates a search for alternative, effective therapy. An orally absorbable cephalosporin derivative, cefaclor, is equally effective in vitro against ampicillin-susceptible and -resistant Haemophilus and against other bacteria that cause acute otitis media. Two dosage schedules of cefaclor (40 and 60 mg/kg/day) were evaluated in 95 infants with acute otitis media. Bacterial origin was determined by a culture of tympanocentesis fluid. Success rates using the smaller dosage were inferior to those using the larger dosage. Results of therapy for pneumococcal and Haemophilus infection with 60 mg/kg/day were comparable to those previously found with amoxicillin trihydrate or with combinations of trisulfapyrimadines with erythromycin or penicillin V. One patient with an ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus infection responded well to cefaclor and did not have a relapse. Cefaclor was well tolerated and caused an acceptably low incidence of minor, adverse effects. Cefaclor deserves further testing as a candidate for preferred status as a single-drug treatment of acute otitis media.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of acute otitis media of infancy with cefaclor. 3 Oct 84

A comparative study was conducted on the in vitro activity of cefaclor and other oral cephalosporins against a large number of freshly isolated clinical strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The activity of cefaclor against gram-positive pathogens is very similar to that of cephalexin. The action of cefaclor against Streptococcus pneumoniae is superior. Cefaclor is the most active antibiotic against strains of Haemophilus influenzae, and is also more active than cephalexin and cephradine against non-beta-lactamase producing strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis.
 ...
PMID:[In vitro activity of cefaclor (author's transl)]. 4 87

Laboratory aspects of cefaclor, a new orally-effective cephalosporin antibiotic, are summarized. On the basis of data from a variety of studies, the useful antibacterial spectrum of cefaclor is shown to include all classes of bacteria that are generally susceptible to cephalothin and cephalexin. Cefaclor has a significant potency advantage over cephalexin against many Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteria that are susceptible to cefaclor are killed by concentrations at or near the inhibitory concentration. In vitro enzymatic hydrolysis experiments have shown that cefaclor is a relatively good substrate for several beta-lactamases. Orally administered cefaclor is effective in protection of mice from the lethal effects of intraperitoneal challenges with cefaclor-susceptible bacteria. The chemical instability of cefaclor, test medium composition and inoculum density influence the results of in vitro susceptibility tests with cefaclor. Methods for routine susceptibility testing are described.
 ...
PMID:Summary of laboratory studies on the antibacterial activity of cefaclor. 4 88

The pharmacology of cephradine, cephalexin and a new oral cephalosporin, cefaclor, has been compared in six volunteers. Cefaclor was absorbed rapidly and was cleared from the serum more rapidly than the other two agents. This was probably partially due to its instability in serum at body temperature, which was investigated. Against a wide range of common pathogens cefaclor was the more active oral cephalosporin. In particular the activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae was of interest.
 ...
PMID:A pharmacological and in vitro comparison of three oral cephalosporins. 11 33

The minimal inhibitory concentration of cefaclor, cephalexin, cephradine, cefamandole, cephalothin, cephapirin, cefazolin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline for inhibition of 198 freshly isolated clinical strains of Haemophilus species (23 H. influenzae type b, 157 H. influenzae non-type b, 14 H. parainfluenzae, and 4 H. aphrophilus) was determined simultaneously by a slightly modified WHO-ICS agar dilution method. Nine strains were resistant to ampicillin. There was no correlation between ampicillin resistance and minimal inhibitory concentration of other antibiotics. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and all except five were susceptible to tetracycline. Cefaclor was the most active oral cephalosporin, and cefamandole was the most active parenteral cephalosporin. Among the seven cephalosporins tested, cefamandole was the most effective compound. All but two strains were inhibited by cefamandole at 2 mug or less per ml.
 ...
PMID:Comparative susceptibility of Haemophilus species to cefaclor, cefamandole, and five other cephalosporins and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. 25 12

Inhibitory activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor was compared by the WHO-ICS agar dilution technique. Cefaclor was substantially more active against staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, Haemophilus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, salmonellae, and shigellae than was cephalexin, which in turn was more active than cephradine. Cefaclor appeared to be less resistant to staphylococcal penicillinase than did the other two agents. None of these cephalosporins was active against Enterobacter, Serratia, indole-positive Proteeae, Pseudomonas, or Bacteroides fragilis.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of in vitro activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor. 30 Oct 5

The antibacterial activity of cefaclor against 100 non-beta-lactamase producing and 11 beta-lactamase producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae was compared with that of cephalexin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. A new standardized microtiter dilution technique was used. Cefaclor showed greater activity than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae isolates. Ampicillin was the most active compound against non-beta-lactamase producing isolates. One of our strains was resistant to chloramphenicol and one resistant to tetracycline.
 ...
PMID:[In vitro activity of cefaclor against Haemophilus influenzae in comparison to various oral chemotherapeutic agents (author's transl)]. 31 12

The in vitro activity of cefaclor against 556 clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was compared with that of other cephalosporins. Cefaclor had activity similar to that of cephalexin against gram-positive bacteria. It showed greater activity against Haemophilus strains than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus isolates. Cefaclor was more active than cephalexin or cephalothin against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella isolates but did not act against Serratia, Acinetobacter, indole-positive Proteus, or Bacteroides isolates. Cefaclor was resistant to type III (TEM) beta-lactamases but was destroyed by type I beta-lactamases and, to a lesser degree, by type IV and type V beta-lactamases.
 ...
PMID:Cefaclor: in vitro spectrum of activity and beta-lactamase stability. 66 90

In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the activity of cefaclor in comparison with cephalexin against 180 clinical isolates. Broth dilution susceptibility tests showed cefaclor to be 4- to 16-fold more active than cephalexin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and cephalothin-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae. Neither drug was highly active against cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cefaclor zones with 30-mug disks were generally larger than cephalexin zones, 4 mm larger than cephalothin zones against Enterobacteriaceae, and 6 mm smaller than cephalothin zones against S. aureus. Quantitative kill curves indicated that killing by both cefaclor and cephalexin was slow and often incomplete over a 24-h period. Cefaclor-induced filamentation of gram-negative bacilli was not as extensive as that produced by cephalexin, and some spherule formation did occur. However, cefaclor was significantly more unstable in solution than cephalexin, with a half-life of less than 6 h at 37 degrees C. Thus, results obtained in tests after prolonged incubation may not provide an accurate measure of cefaclor's activity.
 ...
PMID:In vitro studies with cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin. 92 Dec 44

Cefaclor is active against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to the pathogens typically susceptible to first-generation cephalosporins. Cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) provides the opportunity for once or twice daily dosing of this agent. Clinical trials using cefaclor AF have been carried out in a number of centres on bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, the urinary tract and the skin. In vitro susceptibility tests on selected pathogens from the clinical trials were carried out according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommendations, generally with excellent agreement between in vitro and in vivo response.
 ...
PMID:Cefaclor AF: correlation of microbiology and clinical outcome. 128 12


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>