Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of the respiratory pathogens Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis to commonly tested and prescribed agents was investigated during 1999-2000 and compared with results obtained during a previous 1997-1998 study. Of 448 isolates of S. Pneumoniae collected and tested in 1999-2000, 77.2% were susceptible, 19.9% were intermediate, and 2.9% were resistant to penicillin, demonstrating that there were no major changes in susceptibility to penicillin from 1997-1998 (77.1% susceptible, 18.7% intermediate, 4.2% resistant). All S. Pneumoniae isolates from 1999-2000 were susceptible to levofloxacin and vancomycin and >90% were susceptible to the B-lactams (amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime) and macrolides (axithyromycin and clarithromycin), showing that susceptibility to these agents also remained unchanged since 1997-1998. The most notable increase in resistance between the two studies was demonstrated by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which increased from 23.4% to 38.6%. Penicillin resistance correlated with resistance to B-lactams, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in both studies. In H. influenzae, the prevalence of B-lactamase-producing isolates remained unchanged (10.6% in 1999-2000; 11.0% in 1997-1998). All H. influenzae isolates were susceptible to levofloxacine, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and azithromycin, and showed no change between the two studies. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was present in 40.1% of isolates in 1999-2000, and in 45.2% in 1997-1998. In M. catarrhalis, the prevalence of B-lactamase-producing isolates was unchanged (97.9% in 1999-2000;98.0% in 1997-1998). The most active agents against M. catarrhalis were azithromycin (MIC(90),< or = 0.03 microg/ml) and levofloxacin (MIC(90),< or = 0.03 microg/ml). Overall, these results suggest that, in Brazil, between 1999-2000 and 1997-1998, there have been no significant changes in the susceptibility of respiratory pathogens to any of the commonly tested and prescribed agents with the exception of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for S. Pneumoniae.
 ...
PMID:Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory pathogens isolated in Brazil during 1999-2000. 1198 May 91

Bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs), whether primary or subsequent to viral infection, are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment of these infections is most often empirical. Therefore, an antimicrobial's antibacterial spectrum must include the most likely pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as atypicals such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae. In addition, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance among these key pathogens is imperative for physicians to choose the most appropriate therapeutic agent. The latest data from global surveillance studies indicates that high-level resistance to penicillin (MIC > or =2 mg/l) among isolates of S. pneumoniae varies widely by geographic location. Rates exceed 20% in the USA, Mexico, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Spain, France, Greece, Hungary, and the Slovak Republic. In South Africa, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea rates exceed 50%. Penicillin non-susceptibility--including isolates exhibiting high-level resistance and intermediate susceptibility (MIC 0.12-1 mg/l)--is frequently found in association with macrolide resistance, which is found at a prevalence of 70-80% in some Asian countries. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and tetracycline resistance, either individually or combined with macrolide resistance as multiple resistance, is also associated with reduced susceptibility to penicillin. Another concern about antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens is beta-lactamase production among isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. However, respiratory fluoroquinolones, of which levofloxacin has been available for the longest time, currently remain active against the great majority of common bacterial respiratory pathogens, including atypicals.
 ...
PMID:Comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens. 1531 48

Acute otitis media is one of the commonest diseases of childhood. Most cases are due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and can be treated safely with penicillin. However, Hemophilus influenzae is also common, particularly under the age of five. In many areas it is increasingly resistant to ampicillin and should be treated with a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole preparation (Bactrim, Septra). The new agent, cefaclor (Ceclor) may prove to be a valid alternative. In the first few months of life, special problems include difficulty in recognition, a greater frequency of atypical organisms including Escherichia coli, and associated serious systemic illnesses. Recurrent suppurative otitis media (three or more episodes of acute otitis media in a six month period) is an indication for prophylactic antimicrobial therapy.The most common complication of acute otitis media is persistence of effusion. Risk factors include resistance of the organism(s) to the initial antimicrobial agent and the presence of coexisting allergy. Tympanostomy tubes and adenoidectomy should be considered in selected cases. A key to successful treatment is careful follow up after each episode to assure the restoration of normal hearing.
 ...
PMID:Otitis media in children. 2128 3


<< Previous 1 2