Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The principal pharmacokinetic values of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were obtained from a review of the literature. Following oral or intravenous administration of these three quinolones in the usual doses, pefloxacin was found to have the highest maximum serum concentration and the longest half-life. Ciprofloxacin had the highest antibacterial activity in vitro against Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., but all three drugs had the same activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These data enabled us to calculate the serum inhibitory quotients at peak level (usual dose maximum serum concentration minimum 50 percent inhibitory concentrations ratio). The highest inhibitory quotients were obtained with ciprofloxacin on Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. and with pefloxacin on Staph. aureus. Pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin had the same inhibitory quotients on Haemophilus spp.
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PMID:[Serum pharmacokinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin]. 214 62

The in-vitro antibacterial activities of pefloxacin, other 4-quinolones and representative beta-lactams and aminoglycosides were assessed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Pefloxacin (MICs mostly 0.03-2 mg/l) was highly active against Enterobacteriaceae. Gentamicin had slightly lower activity, and ceftazidime and norfloxacin similar activities to pefloxacin whereas ciprofloxacin was more active. Pefloxacin (MICs 0.03-2 mg/l) was active against Acinetobacter but again ciprofloxacin was more active. Aeromonas was highly susceptible to pefloxacin and norfloxacin (MICs 0.008-0.03 mg/l) as well as to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.001-0.008 mg/l). Pefloxacin (MICs 1-8 mg/l) had similar activities to ceftazidime and gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but tobramycin (MICs 0.25-32 mg/l), norfloxacin (MICs 0.25-4 mg/l) and ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.06-1 mg/l) were generally more active. Haemophilus influenzae was susceptible to pefloxacin (MICs 0.008-0.06 mg/l) and to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, all of which were more active than ampicillin or ceftazidime. Gardnerella vaginalis was not very susceptible to pefloxacin (MICs 2-8 mg/l), the other 4-quinolones or gentamicin but ampicillin and ceftazidime were highly active. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was very susceptible to pefloxacin and norfloxacin (MICs 0.016-0.12 mg/l) and ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.002-0.008 mg/l). The activity of pefloxacin (MICs 0.25-1 mg/l) was similar to that of ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.12-2 mg/l) but greater than that of norfloxacin (MICs 0.5-4 mg/l) against Staphylococcus aureus. Vancomycin (MICs 1-2 mg/l) had similar activity in vitro but whilst gentamicin was highly active against some isolates, others were resistant. Pefloxacin (MICs mostly 4-32 mg/l) and the other 4-quinolones had lower activity against streptococci (including alpha-, beta-, and non-haemolytic strains, enterococci and pneumococci) than against staphylococci. Benzylpenicillin (or ampicillin in the case of enterococci) were usually more active than any of the 4-quinolones. Bacteroides species, both of the fragilis and melaninogenicus/oralis groups were generally moderately resistant to pefloxacin (MICs 2-32 mg/l) and norfloxacin though ciprofloxacin was more active. Whilst the activity of pefloxacin and the other 4-quinolones was generally somewhat higher against the other anaerobes, ampicillin generally had greater activity.
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PMID:The comparative in-vitro activity of pefloxacin. 294 Feb 13

The in-vitro activity of pefloxacin was compared with that of norfloxacin, enoxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and, where appropriate, other beta-lactams against a total of 363 recent clinical isolates. An agar dilution procedure was used to determine MICs and two inocula (10(4) and 10(6) cfu) were used throughout. Pefloxacin inhibited 90% of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhi, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae at less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l. Serratia marcescens and Providencia stuartii were somewhat more resistant, 2 mg/l of pefloxacin being required to inhibit 90% of isolates of these species. Pefloxacin inhibited 90% of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 4 mg/l and 90% of isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group at 16 mg/l. The activity of enoxacin was similar to that of pefloxacin, with enoxacin being four-fold less active against Staph. aureus, two-fold less active against the Bacteroides fragilis group and most species of the Enterobacteriaceae, and two-fold more active against Ps. aeruginosa. Pefloxacin showed good activity against gentamicin-resistant Ps. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae and against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus. Strains with decreased susceptibility to norfloxacin tended to be less susceptible to both pefloxacin and enoxacin.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of pefloxacin compared to enoxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin and new beta-lactams. 315 12

The in-vitro antibacterial activity of nalidixic acid and the 4-quinolones, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, A-56619, A-56620 and CI-934 was assessed by determination of MICs. The 4-quinolones were all highly active against most isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including nalidixic acid-resistant strains. Ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.002-2 mg/l) was the most active and A-56619 (MICs 0.008-32 mg/l) was the least active. A-56619, A-56620, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and CI-934 were highly active against Acinetobacter strains, pefloxacin and enoxacin were slightly less active, and a few strains were resistant to norfloxacin. All the compounds, including nalidixic acid, were active against Aeromonas strains (MICs 0.001-0.12 mg/l). Ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.06-1 mg/l) was the most active compound against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; A-56619 and CI-934 (MICs 1-16 mg/l) were the least active against this species. All the compounds were highly active against Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae but the activity of all the compounds was poor against most isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis. All the 4-quinolones were active against staphylococci and CI-934 (MICs 0.03-0.25 mg/l) was the most active. CI-934 (MICs 0.06-2 mg/l) was also the most active compound against all streptococci. Most streptococci were sensitive also to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.25-4 mg/l) but there were many isolates resistant to the other 4-quinolones. Against the anaerobic bacteria CI-934 was again the most active compound, particularly against the Gram-positive anaerobic cocci. Pefloxacin, enoxacin and norfloxacin had poor activity against most anaerobes. Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, A-56619 and A-56620 had good to moderate activity against all species of anaerobes except the Bacteroides fragilis group, against which none of the compounds was very active.
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PMID:The comparative in-vitro activity of eight newer quinolones and nalidixic acid. 346

To determine the efficacy in vivo of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute infectious bronchopneumopathies, 90 patients, suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and with no known allergies to quinolones, were admitted to the study. Patients were randomly divided into three groups of 30; the first group was dosed with pefloxacin 800 mg i.v. every 24 hours; the second group with pefloxacin 800 mg per os every 24 hours and the third with 500 mg per os of ciprofloxacin every 12 hours. Blood and bronchial secretion samples were simultaneously collected 2, 4, 8, 12, 14 and 24 hours after the first daily dose of antibiotic. Serum and bronchial secretion concentrations of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined by using a microbiological agar disk diffusion assay, employing Escherichia coli Kp 712 as test organism. Eradication of responsible microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis) were achieved in 98% of patients around 72 hours post treatment. Generally, both antibiotics expressed similar bactericidal properties when orally administered, while intravenous administration of pefloxacin displays a more rapid antibacterial action in comparison with the oral administration schedules. Maximal concentrations of both drugs in bronchial secretion were recorded at the same time after treatment (4 hours), with concentrations of about 2.5 micrograms/ml. Pefloxacin, having a longer half-life, was found 24 hours post-treatment with plasma concentrations of 1.5 micrograms/ml following a single oral dose of 800 mg. Ciprofloxacin, having a shorter half-life, showed a peak of about 1 microgram/ml, 12 hours after administration (500 mg/12 hours/os).
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PMID:Comparative activities of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic respiratory tract infections. 766 21