Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Haemophilus parasuis is a common cause of polyserositis and polyarthritis in swine. Little is known about the mucosal and systemic sites of replication and lesions which follow an aerosol exposure to H. parasuis. In this experiment 5-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with an inoculum containing 2 x 10(9) colony-forming units of H. parasuis. Two principals and one control pig were necropsied at 12, 36, 84, and 108 hours postinoculation (PI) and samples obtained for bacteriologic culture and microscopic examination. Inoculated pigs developed clinical signs of inappetence, reluctance to move, lameness, and a serous nasal discharge. Macroscopic findings included a fibrinous polyserositis and polyarthritis 36 hours PI which became progressively more severe at 84 and 108 hours PI. No lung lesions were grossly visible. Microscopic lesions included a mild purulent rhinitis at each post inoculation interval and fibrinous to fibrinopurulent synovitis and serositis at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. A focal suppurative bronchopneumonia was observed in one pig examined at 36 hours PI. The nasal cavity and trachea were the only mucosal sites from which H. parasuis was reisolated. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from the blood and systemic sites at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. Findings presented indicated that intranasal inoculation of 5-week-old CDCD pigs with H. parasuis results in clinical signs and lesions of polyserositis and polyarthritis typical of field cases and is a useful model for the study of H. parasuis pathogenesis. The results also suggest that H. parasuis initially colonizes the nasal mucosa.
 ...
PMID:Experimental reproduction of Haemophilus parasuis infection in swine: clinical, bacteriological, and morphologic findings. 858 Jan 68

Two strains (Strains 39 & B) of Haemophilus paragallinarum were isolated and identified as serotype C by dot-blotting analysis in Taiwan in 1994. To identify their virulence and pathogenicity in Taiwanese local chickens, local chickens were inoculated via nostril with the isolates, and examined for 14 days. Clinical signs of swollen face, and nasal discharge were first seen at 24 hr after inoculation, and the infectivity of Strains 39 and B at 14 days after inoculation among the inoculated chickens was 50.0-71.4% and 55.6-77.8%, respectively. From the results, we concluded that the two bacterial isolates were pathogenic to local chickens with a maximum morbidity of 77.8%.
 ...
PMID:Characterization and pathogenicity of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype C in local chickens of Taiwan. 891 2

Bacteriology of acute maxillary sinusitis was studied in 569 patients in 16 centers of 6 countries located throughout Europe during 1992-1994 by ENT specialists. Patients with symptoms of acute sinusitis lasting less than 3 weeks with ongoing purulent nasal discharge were included. Diagnosis was verified by sinus x-ray or ultrasonography and a positive aspiration finding in maxillary sinus puncture. One or more pathogens were isolated from the maxillary sinus aspirates of 375 (66%) patients. Fifty-six percent of patients harboured 1 pathogen and 10% multiple pathogenic organisms, respectively. Haemophilus influenzae was the most common pathogen isolated (148 isolates), occurring as a single pathogen in 14% of the patients. The occurrence of H. influenzae was highest in Finnish military hospital patients (43-48%), as compared with the non-military Finnish patients (9-11%) or to patients from other European centers (mean 13%). H. influenzae was more frequently beta-lactamase positive in other European centers (22%) than in Finnish centers (7%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen isolated in other European centers (20%) but second most common in Finnish centers (13%). Moraxella catarrhalis occurred at quite similar frequency among Finnish centers (9-14%), but clearly less often in other centers (mean 4%). S. aureus, which in acute maxillary sinusitis is regarded as a contaminant from the nasal cavity, was more prevalent in other European centers (12%) than in Finnish centers (4%). In patients with acute maxillary sinusitis reliable bacteriological samples should be taken by antral aspiration directly from the diseased sinus.
 ...
PMID:Bacterial findings in acute maxillary sinusitis--European study. 928

The aim of this work was to study the bacterial flora of purulent secretions during chronic rhinosinusitis. We studied a total of 533 patients divided into two groups. The control population consisted of 139 adults (> 16 years) of both sexes seen in the community or hospitalized for less than 72 hours for non-rhinological conditions. The rhinosinusitis group consisted of 394 patients referred to the ENT clinic with chronic rhinosinusitis. All the patients with rhinosinusitis had had a post-nasal discharge for at least three months, associated with purulent or mucopurulent secretions originating from the involved sinus cavity. All samples were obtained endonasally under endoscopic guidance from the sinus ostium or from the sinus cavity during surgery. Cultures were positive in 81.3 per cent of the control subjects and 83.1 per cent of the patients with rhinosinusitis. Corynebacteria, coagulase-negative staphylococci, propionibacteria and peptostreptococci were the main commensal organisms, while Haemophilus influenzae, streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Prevotella spp and Fusobacterium spp were probable causative pathogens. Anaerobes were isolated from approximately 25 per cent of the patients in the rhinosinusitis group. Betalactamase producers represented 27.5 per cent of H. influenzae and 28 per cent of Prevotella spp isolates. Diminished susceptibility to penicillin was found in 13 per cent of S. pneumoniae isolates. The amoxycillin-clavulanate combination was the most active oral antibiotic tested against the pathogenic species in vitro.
 ...
PMID:Bacteriology of chronic purulent secretions in chronic rhinosinusitis. 1020 12

One of the plasmids present in a Haemophilus somnus strain isolated from nasal discharge of a cattle with respiratory disease was purified and cloned for DNA sequencing. The plasmid was found to be 1065 base pairs long with 39.2% G + C content, and showed no homology to any DNA sequenced so far. It has no capacity to code any protein longer than 43 residues. It is not clear yet if this plasmid codes Haemophilus somnus specific factors.
 ...
PMID:DNA sequence of a small, unidentified plasmid isolated from a Haemophilus somnus strain: short communication. 1140 83

Aboriginal infants and children in rural communities in Northern Australia have high rates of nasopharyngeal carriage of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae (NCHi), with positive swab rates of 76%. In this population, the acquisition of NCHi from soon after birth is associated with the onset of otitis media and with muco-purulent nasal discharge, while the long-term persistence of NCHi carriage is associated with the acquisition and turnover of large numbers of antigenically diverse strains. Mathematical models have been fitted to data on the acquisition and loss of encapsulated strains of H. influenzae and 43 different strains of NCHi in 10 children followed from early infancy for up to 2 years. Subject to plausible assumptions, the preferred model estimated the mean time to acquisition of a H. influenzae strain to be 7 days after first becoming exposed after birth. For an infant already carrying H. influenzae, each additional strain was acquired after a mean waiting period of 45 days. On average, 1.50 different strains of H. influenzae were detected in four colonies routinely typed from each positive swab, but it was estimated that another 2.55 strains were 'hidden' behind these more frequent strains. With an average of 4.05 strains per carrier, it was estimated that each strain was carried for an average of 137 days, although detected on only 37% of occasions. Thus we have developed mathematical models that provide estimates for duration of colonisation, time to colonisation, and number of colonising strains in a population in which H. influenzae is highly endemic, characterised by sequential and concurrent carriage of multiple strains in each infant.
 ...
PMID:Modelling of endemic carriage of Haemophilus influenzae in Aboriginal infants in Northern Australia. 1154 21

A minority of patients with upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) have a bacterial infection and may benefit from antibiotherapy. In previous investigations we showed that in patients suffering from acute rhinosinusitis associated with the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis in their nasopharygeal secretions, resolution of symptoms was significantly improved by antibiotic treatment. The present analysis was performed to determine whether specific clinical symptoms or signs observed during careful endoscopic examination of the nasal cavities could help the clinician to identify a subset of patients with moderate forms of acute rhinosinusitis infected with pathogenic bacteria. Detailed clinical histories were obtained and medical examinations performed in 265 patients (138 females, 127 males; mean age 35 years) presenting with a < 4-week history of URTI symptoms but who did not require immediate antibiotic therapy for severe rhinosinusitis. The presence of three pathogenic bacteria (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis) was determined in all patients by culture of nasopharyngeal secretions. Azithromycin (500 mg/day for 3 days; n = 133) or placebo (n = 132) were randomly given to all patients in a double-blind manner. Pathogenic bacteria were found in 77 patients (29%). The clinical signs and symptoms significantly associated in a multivariate model with the presence of bacteria included colored nasal discharge (p < 0.003), facial pain (p < 0.032) and radiologically determined maxillary sinusitis (complete opacity, air-fluid level or mucosal thickening > 10 mm) (p < 0.001). This best predictive model had a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 64% and therefore could not be used either as a screening tool or as a diagnostic criterion for bacterial rhinosinusitis. In the group of patients with positive bacterial cultures, resolution of symptoms at Day 7 was observed in 73% of patients treated with azithromycin and in 47% of patients in the placebo group (p < 0.007). We conclude that signs and symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis in patients with mild-to-moderate clinical presentations are poor predictors of the presence of bacteria.
 ...
PMID:Symptoms and clinical and radiological signs predicting the presence of pathogenic bacteria in acute rhinosinusitis. 1193 12

Ten gram-negative, pleomorphic, rod-shaped isolates from coryza-like, respiratory diseased laying and broiler chickens were identified as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. All O. rhinotracheale isolates showed typical biochemical and enzymatic characteristics. Also, all isolates showed hemagglutinating activity with glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes. On the basis of this property, a rabbit-raised antiserum was produced for an isolate. All isolates were identified by antiserum by hemagglutination-inhibition tests. No cross-reactions were observed when O. rhinotracheale isolates were tested with Haemophilus paragallinarum antisera, and vice versa. Mild respiratory signs, including mild nasal discharge, slight rales, and sneezing, were observed in challenged chickens. At postmortem examination, multifocal pneumonia, airsacculitis, and foamy exudate in abdominal cavity were observed. Furthermore, because bacterial adherence is regarded as an essential step in the infection process, in vitro adherence of O. rhinotracheale isolates to chicken tracheal epithelial cells was tested. All isolates showed positive adherence. Obtained results indicate that O. rhinotracheale is a pathogenic agent present in the Mexican poultry.
 ...
PMID:Identification and characterization of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolates from Mexico. 1224 33

On a farm raising approximately 75,000 Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for egg production, the diseased quail showed clinical signs of swelling of the head, nasal discharge, increased lacrimation, and decreased egg production. The flock experienced a mortality rate of 5.7% per day. Macroscopic observation revealed large, gelatinous masses of caseous exudate in the sinuses, egg peritonitis, and airsacculitis. Microscopically, non-purulent or purulent inflammation accompanied by lymphoid hyperplastic tissue with germinal centers was observed in the oculofacial respiratory mucosa. The developing stage of the lesions was abscess formation. In the investigation of pathogens, antigens to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Pasteurella multocida serotype D were immunolabeled on and demonstrated in the mucosal membranes. In addition, P. multocida, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp. were isolated from the infraorbital sinuses, and Mycoplasma isolated from a diseased bird was confirmed as M. gallisepticum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, Cryptosporidium sp. was frequently found in the brush border. Serological, bacteriological and PCR examinations, some with negative outcomes, were carried out concerning microbes that are known to cause swollen heads in birds (Haemophilus paragallinarum, Newcastle disease virus and turkey rhinotracheitis virus). The average concentration of ammonia fumes in the cages was 30.6 parts/106, which suggests that the high levels of ammonia fumes promoted infection and multiplication of M. gallisepticum in the quail, and that the clinical disease then worsened due to mixed infection with M. gallisepticum and Cryptosporidium sp. or other bacteria.
 ...
PMID:Occurrence of conjunctivitis, sinusitis and upper region tracheitis in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), possibly caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum accompanied by Cryptosporidium sp. infection. 1239 37

Acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) is an extremely common problem in both children and adults. There are three clinical presentations of acute sinusitis: (1) onset with persistent symptoms (nasal symptoms or cough or both for > 10 but < 30 d without evidence of improvement); (2) onset with severe symptoms (high fever and purulent nasal discharge for 3-4 consecutive days); and (3) onset with worsening symptoms (respiratory symptoms, with or without fever, which worsen after several days of improvement). Images to confirm the presence of acute sinusitis are necessary in older children (> 6 years) and adults to enhance the certainty of diagnosis. The predominant bacterial species that are implicated in acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. In the last decade, there has been an increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Although there has been some controversy in the literature regarding the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of ABS, most studies in which the diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is confirmed with images and appropriate anti-biotics are prescribed show superior outcomes in recipients of antibiotics. Therapy may be initiated with high-dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. In penicillin-allergic patients or those who are unresponsive to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate is appropriate. Alternatives include cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, or cefdinir. In cases of serious drug allergy, clarithromycin or azithromycin may be prescribed. The optimal duration of therapy is unknown. Some recommend treatment until the patient becomes free of symptoms and then for an additional 7 d.
 ...
PMID:Beginning antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis and choosing the right treatment. 1678 86


<< Previous 1 2 3 Next >>