Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a single-blind study, 134 patients with bronchopneumonia or lobar pneumonia were randomly assigned to receive 400 mg of loracarbef twice daily or 500/125 mg of amoxicillin/clavulanate three times daily for 10 to 14 days. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in 38 patients treated with loracarbef and in 39 treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate in whom pre-treatment positive cultures of pathogens susceptibile to the study drugs were isolated. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were cultured as single pathogens in 40.3% of the evaluable patients. Among the evaluable patients, 100% of the loracarbef group and 92.3% of the amoxicillin/clavulanate group had a favorable clinical response (cure or improvement). Bacteriologic response was favorable and the pathogen was eliminated or presumed eliminated in 97.4% of the loracarbef-treated patients and in 92.3% of the amoxicillin/clavulanate-treated patients. Treatment was discontinued in one loracarbef-treated patient because Ludwig's angina, unrelated to the study drug, was diagnosed and in five amoxicillin/clavulanate-treated patients because of diarrhea (two patients), rash (two patients), and nausea and vomiting (one patient). Diarrhea, the most frequently cited adverse event, was reported by 6.1% of the loracarbef-treated patients and 11.8% of the amoxicillin/clavulanate-treated patients. Asthenia was reported by 0% and 8.8% of the loracarbef and amoxicillin/clavulanate patients, respectively. It is concluded that both loracarbef and amoxicillin/clavulanate are safe and effective in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia.
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PMID:Loracarbef (LY163892) versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia. 161 48

Imipenem is the first of a new class of beta-lactam antibiotics, the carbapenems, to be released for clinical use. It has the broadest antibacterial activity of all antibiotics available for systemic use in humans. It is active against streptococci, methicillin-sensitive staphylococci, Neisseria, Haemophilus, anaerobes, and the common aerobic gram-negative nosocomial pathogens including Pseudomonas. Resistance to imipenem may emerge during treatment of P. aeruginosa infections, as has occurred with other beta-lactam agents; P. maltophilia and P. cepacia are typically resistant to it. Like the penicillins, imipenem has inhibitory activity against enterococci. Daily doses may range from 500 mg to 1 g, every 6 to 8 hours, in patients with normal renal function. The principal toxic effects have been nausea and vomiting, which occur during intravenous infusion, and seizures, which develop in 1 to 3% of treated patients and are likely to occur in the setting of renal insufficiency and underlying disease of the central nervous system. Imipenem should be considered for treatment of mixed bacterial infections and treatment of resistant aerobic gram-negative bacteria that are not susceptible to other beta-lactam agents. In addition to provoking unnecessary toxicity, indiscriminate use of this agent will promote dissemination of resistance against it.
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PMID:Imipenem. 192 91

Cefadroxil 1 g twice daily and amoxycillin 500 mg three times a day were compared in 111 patients suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Treatment was for seven days. Excellent or good clinical responses were found in 85 per cent of cases receiving cefadroxil and 81 per cent of patients taking amoxycillin. However, residual symptoms of cough and rhonchi were present to a statistically significantly greater extent in the amoxycillin group. Tolerance of both drugs was good with mild to moderate side effects reported in seven of 54 patients in the cefadroxil group and six of 56 patients taking amoxycillin. Severe nausea and vomiting in two cases in the amoxycillin group resulted in discontinuation of therapy. Microbiological examination of sputum samples showed pathogenic bacteria in 16 per cent, principally Haemophilus influenzae. Amoxycillin 500 mg tds and cefadroxil 1 g bd were equally effective in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:A randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of cefadroxil and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 268 41

Imipenem and meropenem, members of the carbapenem class of beta-lactam antibiotics, are among the most broadly active antibiotics available for systemic use in humans. They are active against streptococci, methicillin-sensitive staphylococci, Neisseria, Haemophilus, anaerobes, and the common aerobic gram-negative nosocomial pathogens including Pseudomonas. Resistance to imipenem and meropenem may emerge during treatment of P. aeruginosa infections, as has occurred with other beta-lactam agents; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is typically resistant to both imipenem and meropenem. Like the penicillins, the carbapenems have inhibitory activity against enterococci. In general, the in vitro activity of imipenem against aerobic gram-positive cocci is somewhat greater than that of meropenem, whereas the in vitro activity of meropenem against aerobic gram-negative bacilli is somewhat greater than that of imipenem. Daily dosages may range from 0.5 to 1 g every 6 to 8 hours in patients with normal renal function; the daily dose of meropenem, however, can be safely increased to 6 g. Infusion-related nausea and vomiting, as well as seizures, which have been the main toxic effects of imipenem, occur no more frequently during treatment with meropenem than during treatment with other beta-lactam antibiotics. The carbapenems should be considered for treatment of mixed bacterial infections and aerobic gram-negative bacteria that are not susceptible to other beta-lactam agents. Indiscriminate use of these drugs will promote resistance to them. Aztreonam, the first marketed monobactam, has activity against most aerobic gram-negative bacilli including P. aeruginosa. The drug is not nephrotoxic, is weakly immunogenic, and has not been associated with disorders of coagulation. Aztreonam may be administered intramuscularly or intravenously; the primary route of elimination is urinary excretion. In patients with normal renal function, the recommended dosing interval is every 8 hours. Patients with renal impairment require dosage adjustment. Aztreonam is used primarily as an alternative to aminoglycosides and for the treatment of aerobic gram-negative infections. It is often used in combination therapy for mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections. Approved indications for its use include infections of the urinary tract or lower respiratory tract, intra-abdominal and gynecologic infections, septicemia, and cutaneous infections caused by susceptible organisms. Concurrent initial therapy with other antimicrobial agents is recommended before the causative organism has been determined in patients who are seriously ill or at risk for gram-positive or anaerobic infection.
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PMID:Carbapenems and monobactams: imipenem, meropenem, and aztreonam. 1022 72

Cefaclor and amoxycillin/clavulanate are active against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus--pathogens commonly associated with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB). This randomised, parallel-group, single-blind, multicentre study investigated the comparative efficacy and safety of 7-day treatment regimens of cefaclor AF (750 mg b.d. [n = 73]) and amoxycillin/clavulanate (875/125 mg b.d. [n = 72]) in AECB. A favourable clinical response was obtained in 95.9% of patients on cefaclor AF and 97.2% of patients on amoxycillin/clavulanate. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for improvement in clinical response measured by pulmonary peak expiratory flow (PPEF), or for common symptoms associated with AECB. Both agents were well tolerated, with no statistically significant differences in overall safety; however, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain, the most frequently occurring adverse events in the amoxycillin/clavulanate group, were not reported in the cefaclor group. In conclusion, cefaclor AF and amoxycillin/clavulanate have similar efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of AECB.
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PMID:Cefaclor af versus amoxycillin/clavulanate in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a randomised multicentre study. 1069 50

The bacteriological and clinical efficacy and the safety of gatifloxacin for the treatment of non-complicated acute rhinosinusitis was evaluated in 49 adult patients in an open-label multicenter study in Brazil. Patients under age 18, or with associated systemic diseases, were excluded. Diagnosis was based on symptoms, otorhinolaryngological examination, and X-rays of the sinus. At the first visit, all patients were treated with a single daily dose of 400 mg gatifloxacin for 10 days. Middle nasal meatus secretion was collected and sent for culture before and after treatment. Patients were all reevaluated at days 3 to 5; days + 1 to + 5 and 18 to 25 days + 7 to + 14 . Ninety three percent of the patients were considered clinically cured at the end of the treatment. The most frequent bacteria isolated were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, and at the end of the treatment, presumed bacteriological eradication was observed in almost all patients. Adverse effects were observed in 19 of the cases, mostly mild and self limiting, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Treatment had to be interrupted in two cases. Gatifloxacin was found to be efficacious and safe for the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis in adults.
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PMID:An open multicenter study of the use of gatifloxacin for the treatment of non-complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults. 1612 93

Cefuroxime is the first commercially-available second-generation cephalosporine to be widely used in therapy; it is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin obtained from the 7-cephalosporanic acid nucleus of cephalosporin C. Cefuroxime axetil is the acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime. The majority of micro-organisms associated with respiratory infections are highly sensitive to cefuroxime. These include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and the other streptococci (excluding group D streptococci), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria sensitive to cefuroxime include the enterobacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella and Shigella and Straphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive strains). The pharmacokinetic studies show that the maximum plasma concentration of cefuroxime after oral administration of 250 mg and 500 mg of cefuroxime axetil after a meal are respectively 4.6 and 7.9 mg/l. The absolute bioavailability of tablets is 68% (extremes 63-73%) after oral administration of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil. The protein binding is 33+/-5.7%. Tissue diffusion was studied in the interstitial fluid, the bronchial mucosa, the tonsils, and the bronchial secretions. Cefuroxime axetil is available as capsule-shaped tablets containing 125, 250 or 500 mg. An oral suspension dosage form for paediatric purposes is also available as granules in multidose bottles and sachets. Constitution gives a suspension containing 125 mg or 250 mg cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil). Cefuroxime axetil is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Indications include: lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., acute and chronic bronchitis and pneumonia); upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., ear, nose and throat infections such as otitis media, sinusitis tonsillitis and pharyngitis); genito-urinary tract infections (e.g., pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis, gonorrhoea, acute uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis); and skin and soft tissue infections (e.g., furunculosis, pyoderma and impetigo). For most infections, a dose of 250 mg twice daily is appropriate. In some urinary tract infections, 125 mg twice daily has been shown to be effective. If pneumonia is suspected or in more severe lower respiratory tract infection, doses of 500 mg bd should be used. Uncomplicated gonorrhoea has been shown to respond to a single 1-g dose of cefuroxime axetil. Adverse reactions to cefuroxime have generally been mild and transient in nature (gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting).
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PMID:Cefuroxime axetil. 1861 87