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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five bulls were inoculated intranasally with a live culture of Hemophilus somnus originally isolated from a clinical case of Hemophilus septicemia. Preinoculation and postinoculation blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for nine weeks for measuring complement fixation titers and daily postinoculation temperatures were taken for one week. Three animals had transient fever and slight lethargy was observed in two animals had a transitory rise in complement fixation titers in the second to fifth weeks postexposure while one animal which had been seronegative on preinoculation testing produced little serological response to the organism. The experiment demonstrated that the nasal instillation of young cattle using an originally pathogenic H. somnus isolate is capable of stimulating only transitory complement fixation antibody titer.
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PMID:Complement fixation titers in cattle following intranasal inoculation of Hemophilus somnus. 100 Apr 4

The clinical manifestations of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are the result of abnormal eustachian tube function most often caused by inflammation from infection or allergy. The majority of cases involve bacterial infection of the middle ear caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Branhamella catarrhalis. Nearly half of all children will have had at least one episode of acute otitis media by 1 year of age, and over 70% by 3 years of age. The signs and symptoms include pain with rubbing or tugging at the ear, fever, irritability, lethargy, and hearing loss. The primary therapy for acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion is antibiotics with the goal of preventing possible complications and providing symptomatic relief. Amoxicillin remains the initial drug of choice in communities where beta-lactamase-producing strains of the common middle ear pathogens are infrequently isolated. If resistant organisms are prevalent, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or cotrimoxazole should be selected. Adjuvant agents such as decongestants have not been shown to provide additional therapeutic benefit. Children who develop chronic otitis media may require prophylactic antibiotic therapy and insertion of typanostomy tubes.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy of otitis media. 186 12

The children were admitted over a 14-year period (1975-1988) from an admission area of average Danish population distribution. The incidence was 15.5/100,000 children per year. The area had endemics of meningococcal disease in the years 1983-1984. The etiology was meningococcal in 43%, Hemophilus influenzae in 33% and pneumococci in 9% of the patients. Regardless of etiology, the antibiotic schedule was ampicillin 400 mg/kg body weight/day. Resistance to ampicillin was not found in any of the bacterial cultures. Within two weeks before admission 59% of the children had experienced a febrile illness. The diagnosis of meningitis was missed before admission in 24% of the cases. On admission, 93% had typical clinical signs of meningitis. 87% were lethargic or comatose. 31% had convulsion and in 13% the peripheral circulation was compromised. Recrudescence was suspected in one patient. Sequelae were most commonly found in children with meningococcal meningitis and were persistent in 23% of all the children. Severe or less severe neurological handicaps were seen in 29% (psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, cerebral palsy and hearing loss). One patient with Waterhouse-Friederichsens syndrome died. Thus the overall mortality was 1.2%, which is low compared to treatment results reported by others.
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PMID:[Purulent meningitis in childhood. Treatment results in 87 children between 7 month and 15 years of age]. 200 Jun 65

The epidemiology and incidence, etiology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, principles of therapy, and treatment of bacterial meningitis in infants and children are reviewed. Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and most cases occur in children less than five years old. Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the major pathogens involved. Bacteremia or colonization of the upper-respiratory-tract epithelium often precedes meningitis. Defense mechanisms are poor in the cerebrospinal fluid; once an organism penetrates the blood-brain barrier, infection may follow quickly. Clinical signs and symptoms are somewhat nonspecific, with lethargy, restlessness, and poor feeding prominent; diagnosis often relies on the patient history along with preliminary results of lumbar punctures. Therapy is based on pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic principles concerning the available antimicrobial agents, the blood-brain barrier, and supportive therapy. Effective antimicrobial therapy requires attainment of adequate bactericidal activity in the cerebrospinal fluid; penetration of agents into the brain depends on their physico-chemical characteristics. Antibiotic therapy must generally be started before culture results are available, making empiric therapy based on the child's age, history, and underlying conditions important. Established therapeutic agents include penicillins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol, though newer expanded-spectrum cephalosporins such as cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime are being used with increasing frequency. However, the use of these newer, more potent antimicrobial agents have not appreciably altered associated morbidity and mortality. Aggressive supportive care and evaluation of newer nonantibiotic treatments should be addressed in future studies of bacterial meningitis in infants and children.
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PMID:Current concepts in clinical therapeutics: bacterial meningitis in infants and children. 353 67

To determine the etiology of apparent meningococcemia, all cases of sepsis with coagulopathy, purpura, and/or adrenal hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) with and without shock occurring over a 12-year period were reviewed. A total of 42 cases were identified; 30 cases were caused by Neisseria meningitidis and 12 cases were caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Compared with patients with disease caused by H influenzae, patients with meningococcal disease were older, more often male, more often contracted the disease in winter-spring, and had a longer duration of antecedent symptoms; however, none of these differences was statistically significant. All patients were febrile (greater than 38 degrees C) and appeared toxic. Similar proportions in each group had shock and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy at the time of admission. Ten of 12 patients with H influenzae infection compared with 15/30 (P less than .05) with meningococcal infection were lethargic or comatose at the time of admission. Nine of 12 patients with H influenzae infection died compared with 5/30 with meningococcal disease (P less than .005); the mean time from onset of symptoms to death with H influenzae infection (20.7 +/- 11.4 [SE] hours) was significantly shorter (P less than .05) than with meningococcal infection (120 +/- 74.4 hours). Children with clinical signs of sepsis and with purpura, petechiae, or coagulopathy may have N meningitidis or H influenzae as etiologic agents. Initial antibiotic therapy should be directed against these pathogens.
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PMID:Apparent meningococcemia: clinical features of disease due to Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. 641 7

A 2-phase study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the NEB-1 strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to potentiate common bacterial pathogens of swine. In phase I, 25 of 50 4-5-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were exposed to NEB-1 PRRSV (day 0). Seven days after virus inoculation, 8 groups received 1 of 4 bacterial pathogens: Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella cholerasuis, and Pasteurella multocida. The ability of NEB-1 PRRSV to produce clinical disease, viremia, neutralizing antibody, gross and microscopic lesions and to potentiate bacterial pathogens was assessed. Response to NEB-1 PRRSV was similar among inoculated pigs; prolonged hyperthermia, lethargy, mild to moderate dyspnea, and cutaneous erythema were consistent clinical signs. No clinical differences were observed in groups after bacterial challenge. Virus was isolated from serum at weekly intervals through the end of the study, and all PRRSV-inoculated pigs had seroconverted by study termination. Two of 5 pigs died in non-PRRSV-inoculated groups challenged with H. parasuis and Streptococcus suis. Mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs was limited to 1 of 5 pigs from the Salmonella cholerasuis-challenged group. Gross lesions were seen in pigs dying after inoculation in H. parasuis- and Streptococcus suis-inoculated groups, in Salmonella cholerasuis- and P. multocida-challenged pigs, and in 1 non-PRRSV-inoculated control pig. Microscopic lesions consisted of mild to moderate proliferative interstitial pneumonia, nonsuppurative myocarditis, lymphoid hyperplasia, and nonsuppurative encephalitis in PRRSV-inoculated pigs. Findings in phase I indicated that NEB-1 PRRSV does not potentiate bacterial disease while inducing consistent clinical signs, viremia, seroconversion, and microscopic lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: NEB-1 PRRSV infection did not potentiate bacterial pathogens. 757 44

This study analysed the bacterial aetiology and outcome of childhood meningitis observed over an 11-year period. Charts of 70 children with this diagnosis were reviewed. Three children were under 1 month of age, five were between 1 and 3 months and 60 were between 3 months and 5 years. The remaining two were over 5 years. There were 36 females and 34 males. The presenting symptoms in decreasing order of frequency were fever 86%, vomiting 29%, poor feeding 19%, seizure 14% and lethargy 14%. Aetiological organisms were as follows: Haemophilus influenzae 66%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 24%, Neisseria meningitidis 4%, Group B Streptococci 4%, and Staphylococcus aureus 2%. All H. influenzae isolates except one were sensitive to ampicillin. None of the S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin. Complications occurred in 26% of the patients and included subdural effusion 23%, hearing loss 14%, seizure disorder 10%, developmental delay 9%, hydrocephalus 6% and motor deficit 30%. One patient died. Among H. influenzae cases, one of the 15 patients treated with steroids developed hearing loss. In contrast, four out of 31 who did not receive steroid therapy suffered from hearing loss. Haemophilus influenzae type b is the predominant cause of childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. Universal H. influenzae type b vaccination for children is highly recommended.
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PMID:Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. 957 Jun 46

This study tested the protective activity of antibodies to the LPS core of Haemophilus influenzae (Borrelli et al., Infect. Immun. 1995;63: 3683-92) in a hematogenous meningitis model. Meningitis was established by intraperitoneal inoculation of infant rats with H. influenzae type b (Hib). The severity of infection was determined by daily assessment of mortality, symptoms of disease and weight changes. Mortality occurred rapidly after infection with 10(5)cfu/rat and most animals died within 24 h. At a lower infection dose (10(4)cfu/rat) the rats survived, but developed symptoms of disease such as tremor, hypothermia, lethargy and anorexia within 12-72 h post challenge. Surviving animals showed decreased weight gain. Bacteremia was detected by daily blood-cultures in 10/10 rats and cleared 6 days after inoculation. The monoclonal anti-LPS antibody MAHI 3 was used in passive protection studies. MAHI 3 increased the survival in the high inoculum group (10(5)cfu/rat) from 10-17% in control animals to 60-90%. At the lower inoculum concentration (10(4)cfu/rat) MAHI 3 treatment reduced the symptoms and blood counts. Intraperitoneal injection of MAHI 3 was more effective than intranasal injection as shown by the effect on bacteremia. We conclude that anti-LPS antibodies can protect against mortality caused by hematogenous Hib infections in infant rats.
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PMID:Monoclonal anti-LPS inner core antibodies protect against experimental hematogenous Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. 1062 58

Bacterial meningitis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children. A retrospective chart review of all cases of culture-proven bacterial meningitis in children was conducted in a tertiary care facility in the King Fahad National Guard Hospital (KFNGH), Riyadh. Sixty-seven patients with culture-proven meningitis were reviewed. Bacterial meningitis is more common in children under 2 years of age (85%). Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the most common organism causing meningitis in children (57%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the second most common organism (31%) followed by group B streptococcus in (7.5%). Fever, lethargy and vomiting were the most common presenting symptoms, occurring in 95%, 72%, and 66% respectively. The calculated incidence of Hib in KFNGH is 40/100,000. This incidence decreased dramatically after the initiation of routine infant vaccination in KFNGH with the conjugate Hib vaccine in April 1998. Outcome of Hib meningitis was good in 85% while outcome of Streptococcus pneumoniae was good in (53%). 43% of S. pneumoniae were resistant to penicillin. There was no cephalosporin-resistant isolate identified during the study period. Mortality due to meningitis was 4 (6%), 3 patients died due to S. pneumoniae and one due to Hib. Since Hib is the most common organism causing meningitis in Saudi Arabian children, mass vaccination of all Saudi children should be mandatory.
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PMID:Bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia: the impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination. 1143 27

Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci and Escherichia coli strains account for approximately two thirds of all cases of neonatal meningitis, while bacteria that typically account for meningitis in older age groups (Haemophilus influenzae type B, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) are infrequent causes of meningitis in the neonatal population. As with other medical problems in neonates, signs and symptoms of bacterial infection of the central nervous system are generally few in number and nonspecific in nature. Manifestations that can suggest meningitis, as well as other serious illnesses, include temperature instability, lethargy, respiratory distress, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea. Signs suggestive of meningeal irritation, including stiff neck, bulging fontanelle, convulsions, and opisthotonus, occur only in a minority of neonates with bacterial meningitis and cannot be relied on solely to identify such patients. Ampicillin and either gentamicin or cefotaxime are recommended for initial empiric therapy of neonatal meningitis. When the results of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and susceptibilities are known, therapy can be narrowed to cover the specific pathogen identified. In general, penicillin G or ampicillin is preferred for group B streptococcal meningitis, ampicillin for Listeria monocytogenes meningitis, and ampicillin plus either an aminoglycoside or cefotaxime for gram-negative meningitis. For the very low birth weight neonate who has been in the nursery for a prolonged period of time, organisms such as enterococci and gentamicin-resistant gram-negative enteric bacilli must also be considered. In patients with long-term vascular catheters, Staphylococcus aureus or coagulase-negative staphylococci must also be considered. Empiric combinations of antibiotics for such patients would include ampicillin or vancomycin, plus amikacin or cefotaxime. All neonates should undergo repeat CSF examination and culture at 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy. If organisms are observed on gram stain, modification of the therapeutic regimen should be considered, and neuroimaging should be performed. In general, therapy should be continued for 14 to 21 days for neonatal meningitis caused by group B streptococci or L. monocytogenes, and for at least 21 days for disease caused by gram-negative enteric bacilli. All patients with neonatal meningitis should have hearing and development monitored serially. The first audiologic evaluation should occur 4 to 6 weeks after resolution of the meningitis.
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PMID:Meningitis in the Neonate. 1193 31


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