Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of the endotoxin of a noncapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strain isolated from bronchitis was studied on the respiration of mice. Inhalation of the H. influenzae endotoxin resulted in heavy attacks of dyspnoea with non-specific histological changes in the lung. The endotoxin elicited no direct response in isolated organs, but produced cytotoxic changes in HEp-2 tissue cultures. The experiments led to the conclusion that the clinical signs and the histological changes may be explained by the direct damaging effect of endotoxin on the cells and by the released mediator substances.
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PMID:Respiratory effect of Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin in mice. 660 29

A detoxified substance (rdLPS) was produced from Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin by ionizing radiation and its capacity to prevent attacks of dyspnoea elicited by endotoxin inhalation in mice has been studied. The rdLPS proved to be an effective stimulant of aspecific immune resistance of mice but it could only partly prevent attacks of dyspnoea.
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PMID:Effect of irradiated haemophilus influenzae endotoxin preparations in mice. 660 16

The incidence of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (= H. parahaemolyticus or HPP) infection in fattening pigs showed a marked increase in the Netherlands during the past five years. The clinical picture on pig-breeding farms has been known for an even longer period. A peracute, acute and subacute chronic form, i.e. stages marked by exudation, proliferation and desquamation, and sequestration respectively can be differentiated. Clinical features of the (sub)acute stage of HPP infection consist in severe dyspnoea, high temperature and bloody foam from the nose and/or at the mouth. When the infection runs a chronic course, the clinical symptoms are less specific. The bacteriological diagnosis, treatment and prevention are discussed, attention also being paid to the possibility of vaccination.
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PMID:[Clinical and pathological features of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs (author's transl)]. 728 Nov 59

A 2-phase study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the NEB-1 strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to potentiate common bacterial pathogens of swine. In phase I, 25 of 50 4-5-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were exposed to NEB-1 PRRSV (day 0). Seven days after virus inoculation, 8 groups received 1 of 4 bacterial pathogens: Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella cholerasuis, and Pasteurella multocida. The ability of NEB-1 PRRSV to produce clinical disease, viremia, neutralizing antibody, gross and microscopic lesions and to potentiate bacterial pathogens was assessed. Response to NEB-1 PRRSV was similar among inoculated pigs; prolonged hyperthermia, lethargy, mild to moderate dyspnea, and cutaneous erythema were consistent clinical signs. No clinical differences were observed in groups after bacterial challenge. Virus was isolated from serum at weekly intervals through the end of the study, and all PRRSV-inoculated pigs had seroconverted by study termination. Two of 5 pigs died in non-PRRSV-inoculated groups challenged with H. parasuis and Streptococcus suis. Mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs was limited to 1 of 5 pigs from the Salmonella cholerasuis-challenged group. Gross lesions were seen in pigs dying after inoculation in H. parasuis- and Streptococcus suis-inoculated groups, in Salmonella cholerasuis- and P. multocida-challenged pigs, and in 1 non-PRRSV-inoculated control pig. Microscopic lesions consisted of mild to moderate proliferative interstitial pneumonia, nonsuppurative myocarditis, lymphoid hyperplasia, and nonsuppurative encephalitis in PRRSV-inoculated pigs. Findings in phase I indicated that NEB-1 PRRSV does not potentiate bacterial disease while inducing consistent clinical signs, viremia, seroconversion, and microscopic lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: NEB-1 PRRSV infection did not potentiate bacterial pathogens. 757 44

Chronic bronchitis is a common inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by cough, sputum production and associated features such as dyspnoea and respiratory obstruction. It has a poor prognosis once fully developed and imposes a heavy financial burden on affected societies. Chronic bronchitis is subject to periodic exacerbations in which the role of bacterial infection and the rightful place of antibiotic therapy is only slowly emerging, largely due to the non-homogeneity of the populations under study. Haemophilus influenzae is implicated as the pathogen in more than half of all bacterial exacerbations, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis accounting for a further third. Viruses and mycoplasmas are also involved. Some 18-25% of patients receiving domiciliary therapy may fail to respond to initial treatment, calling into question the efficacy of antibiotics in acute exacerbations. In part this may relate to sub-optimal respiratory pharmacokinetics as most antibiotics are quite effective against sensitive respiratory pathogens in vitro. However, bacterial resistance rates against traditional agents are rising rapidly in Europe and new agents are needed to counter this threat. Paradoxically few such agents have been shown to improve on the results of amoxycillin and other standard drugs, probably because most trials include patients with exacerbations of only mild-to-moderate severity due to sensitive pathogens. Since recent large scale studies have demonstrated the efficacy of antibiotic therapy compared with placebo in defined exacerbations, use of these definitions has allowed more realistic assessment of new agents which, in terms of improved antibacterial potency and respiratory pharmacokinetics, should offer superior efficacy. Regression analysis of a large scale general practice survey in the UK has now shown the frequency of exacerbations and the presence of co-morbid conditions to correlate significantly with a poor therapeutic outcome and thus, by implication, with severity. Future trials of antibacterial chemotherapy for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis should incorporate such criteria so that real differences between existing and improved compounds can be assessed.
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PMID:Chemotherapy for chronic bronchitis. Controversies. 789 59

Bacterial bronchial infection is a frequent cause of COPD exacerbation but not its only aetiology. Increased purulent expectorant appears to be its best indicator rather than fever, non-productive cough or dyspnoea. The clinician must try to recognize this condition rather than systematically prescribe empirical antibiotics. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the major pathogens. Although atypical bacteria are not frequent, Chlamydia pneumoniae could play significant role. During the last years, new antibiotics, much more expensive than other regimens, are widely prescribed, often without a rational approach. In patients not already on antibiotics, sputum Gram stain is useful for deciding which patient should be treated and what would be the best anti-biotic. When it is not available, the chosen antibiotic must be at least active against three major pathogens according to the local susceptibility patterns. In patients not responding to the initial treatment, the consideration of its potential spectrum holes is then more useful than sputum examination.
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PMID:Acute bronchial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 854 20

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were randomly allocated to oral treatment with sparfloxacin (200 mg loading dose followed by 100 mg once daily) or amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (500 mg/125 mg tds) for a total treatment duration of 7 to 14 days. Patients were evaluable if they had a FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70% at stable state and presented with a suspected infectious exacerbation defined as increases in dyspnoea, sputum volume and sputum purulence. The primary efficacy variable was the overall success (defined as disappearance or improvement of dyspnoea and reductions in sputum volume and purulence) at end of treatment and follow-up. Overall efficacy was assessed in both the intent-to-treat (728 patients) and the evaluable (351 patients) populations. At the end of treatment and follow-up, success rates were identical for the sparfloxacin (87.3% and 78.7%) and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (88.8% and 79.8%) treatment groups. Similar figures were found for the intent-to-treat population. The analysis of drug safety was similar for both treatment groups. The most frequently encountered pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Sparfloxacin appeared superior for bacteriological eradication of Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Sparfloxacin in a single daily dose appears at least as effective as amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of COPD.
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PMID:Comparative safety and efficacy of sparfloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomised, parallel, multicentre study. 873 29

Pneumonia kills about 3 million children every year in developing countries, and it is now clear that most fatal pneumonia is caused by Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. To reduce mortality associated with pneumonia, the World Health Organization has developed guidelines for the treatment of children in developing countries who have cough or difficulty breathing: children without tachypnea or chest indrawing do not need antibiotic therapy; children with tachypnea but no chest indrawing should have antibiotic therapy at home; and children with chest indrawing should be admitted to the hospital for intramuscular injections of benzylpenicillin or chloramphenicol. Universal application of these guidelines would save the lives of approximately 600,000 children every year. Other important issues are oxygen therapy, fluid restriction, limitation of the use of acetaminophen, pneumonia in neonates, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need for vaccines that protect infants against infection with S. pneumoniae and all strains of H. influenzae, including nonserotypeable strains.
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PMID:The management of pneumonia in children in developing countries. 874 70

We identified 31 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and lung abscess. All patients had advanced HIV disease, and the mean CD4 cell count was 17/mm3 (range, 2-50/mm3). Twenty-two patients (71%) had previous opportunistic infections, and 24 (77%) had previous pulmonary infections. Symptoms at the time of presentation included fever (90% of patients), cough (87%), dyspnea (35%), pleuritic chest pain (26%), and hemoptysis (10%). The microbiological etiology was established for 28 patients, and the pathogens recovered were bacteria (65%), Pneumocystis carinii (6%), fungi (3%), and mixed microorganisms (16%). The pathogens included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6), P. carinii (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Aspergillus species (3), viridans streptococcus (2), Haemophilus influenzae (1), Streptococcus milleri (1), Proteus mirabilis (1), and Cryptococcus neoformans (1). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not isolated; two patients for whom a microbiological etiology was not established responded to antituberculous therapy. Patients were treated for 2-12 weeks; 25% of the patients received > 4 weeks of therapy. The outcome was poor: 36% of the patients had recurrences, and 19% died. In patients with AIDS, lung abscess is associated with advanced HIV infection, is due to a broad spectrum of pathogens, responds poorly to antibiotics, and has a poor prognosis.
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PMID:Lung abscess in patients with AIDS. 882 70

The aetiology and outcome of hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were evaluated in 60 adult patients (38 male 22 female, mean age 68.4 years). They were randomized for treatment with either ceftazidime or imipenem/cilastatin intravenously for 7 days. Bacteriological diagnoses were made in 25 cases (41.6%): Streptococcus pneumoniae (5), Haemophilus influenzae (5), Pseudomonas spp. in particular Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Chlamydia spp. (2), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2) and Moraxella catarrhalis (3); mixed organisms were found in 4 patients. Forty-two patients (70%) responded satisfactorily to the regimens with improvement in sputum purulence cough and dyspnoea scores; there was no difference in response between the two groups. Sixteen patients (26.6%) underwent bronchoscopy on day 4 because of inadequate response to the antibiotics regimens, and 9 of them (15%) required a modification of the initial treatment with addition of erythromycin in 5 patients vancomycin in 1 cloxacillin in 1 and antituberculous drugs in 2. Three out of the 60 patients (5%) died of pulmonary sepsis: the aetiological agents were M. tuberculosis in one, Pseudomonas spp./methicillin-resistant S. aureus in another, but were not identified in the third. We conclude that treatment with either ceftazidime or imipenem/cilastatin was efficacious for moderate to severe CAP in Hong Kong.
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PMID:Hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Hong Kong: a randomized study comparing imipenem/cilastatin and ceftazidime. 915 75


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