Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seventy-seven patients with acute bacterial infections were treated with ceftriaxone (1 gm administered intravenously every 12 hours). The 58 patients evaluable for efficacy had 60 infections, including 39 of the respiratory tract, 14 of the urinary tract, and seven of soft tissue. Five patients were bacteremic. The mean duration of ceftriaxone treatment was eight days for patients with respiratory and urinary tract infections and 13 days for patients with other types of infections. A satisfactory clinical response occurred in 56 (93%) of the infections. Eighty-four (94%) of the 89 pretherapy pathogens were bacteriologically eradicated. Included were all 19 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, all 15 of Streptococcus pneumoniae, all 12 of Escherichia coli, 22 of the 23 isolates of other Enterobacteriaceae species, three of five isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three of four isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Two cases of superinfection (one with bacteremia) occurred with P aeruginosa. There were two cases each of reinfection and colonization with Streptococcus faecalis. One patient developed manifestations of culture-documented S pneumoniae meningitis eight hours after the first dose was administered. Peak and trough plasma levels of ceftriaxone were 142 and 64 micrograms/ml. Ceftriaxone achieved therapeutic levels in infected cerebrospinal fluid and in the abscess fluid of selected patients. Adverse effects, which were mild, included diarrhea in 4% of the patients and elevated transaminase levels in 10%.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of ceftriaxone. 609 21

Cefmenoxime was evaluated in an open trial consisting of 41 patients. Forty infections in 36 patients could be evaluated. Thirteen patients had pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli (two bacteremic), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Streptococcus faecalis; all improved and 12 of 13 were clinically cured, but one relapse (S. faecalis) occurred at two weeks. Six patients with cystitis due to E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, P. aeruginosa, or S. faecalis all improved, but relapse or reinfection, or both, occurred in five due to P. aeruginosa, S. faecalis, C. fruendii, or E. coli. Neurogenic bladder or other complications were present in five of 13 patients with pyelonephritis and five of six with cystitis. Ten patients with pneumonia and one with tracheobronchitis due to Hemophilus influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, or Neisseria meningitidis all improved and seven had resolution without relapse, but P. aeruginosa emerged in two patients, one of whom died. Eight soft tissue infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, Peptococcus prevotti, Streptococcus species, or infections of mixed origin resolved in six. Sterility of blood cultures was obtained in one patient with endocarditis due to S. anginosus, but other therapy was substituted. Clinical resolution of the toxic shock syndrome and subsequent negative endocervical cultures for S. aureus occurred in one. Granulocytopenia of unverified cause in four (with less than 1,500 mm3) and two (with less than 2,000 mm3) was reversible. Headache during treatment occurred in six patients and a possible disulfiram-like effect in three. Elevations of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase occurred in five, Coombs' positivity in two, and diarrhea in three. Clinical efficacy of cefmenoxime was significant. Possible side effects require further study.
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PMID:Cefmenoxime: clinical evaluation. 609 26

78 patients with bacterial meningitis were evaluated in a prospective, randomised study comparing twice-daily ceftriaxone as single-drug therapy with ampicillin and chloramphenicol given every 6 h. The groups were comparable in age, sex, days of illness before admission, and bacterial colony counts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae type b (54 cases), streptococci (9 cases), meningococci (9 cases), and unknown (6 cases). In 40 CSF specimens obtained 4-12 h after initiation of therapy, cultures were negative in 57% of the ceftriaxone patients and in 42% of the others. The mean falls in the CSF bacterial colony counts were 4.7 and 5.0 log10 colony-forming units/ml, respectively. Mean bactericidal activity in CSF was significantly greater in the ceftriaxone than in the conventional treatment group at the beginning and end of therapy. There were no significant differences in clinical responses or in frequency of complications, except for mild diarrhoea, which occurred in 16 ceftriaxone patients and in 8 in the other group (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:Ceftriaxone versus ampicillin and chloramphenicol for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. 613 39

Cefotiam (CTM) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in children. Twenty-six patients were treated with 40 to 200 mg/kg per day of CTM by intravenous administrations. The diagnosis of the patients were acute pharyngitis (2), acute bronchitis (1), pneumonia (4), empyema (2), urinary tract infection (2), typhoid fever (1), acute enterocolitis (2), partially-treated purulent meningitis (1), and suspected septicemia in neuroblastoma (1); and the remaining ten patients were considered to have nonbacterial infections. The pathogens recovered were Streptococcus pyogenes (1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Haemophilus influenzae (4), Escherichia coli (1), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1), Salmonella typhi (1), and Campylobacter jejuni (1). All but two patients of bacterial infections were cured after the CTM therapy, and the rate of efficacy was 87.5%. Diarrhea (3), urticaria (1), transient elevation of GOT and GPT (1), and transient eosinophilia (3) were found to be associated with the CTM therapy. However, no severe adverse reactions were encountered. Half life of the serum CTM level was 0.93 +/- 0.13 hours, and excretion into the urine was rapid. CSF concentration obtained 1 hour after an intravenous injection of 21 mg/kg of CTM in a case with inflamed meninges was 1.5 mcg/ml, and the CSF/serum ratio was 9.0%. From these data, CTM appears to be a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefotiam therapy in children (author's transl)]. 627 Apr 13

The antimicrobial activity of cefmenoxime (CMX) against clinical isolated organisms was measured; CMX was more active than cefotiam and cefazolin against Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. The serum concentrations of CMX following intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg were 25.6, 10.3, 3.0 micrograms/ml at 30, 60, 120 minutes after injection, respectively. CMX was excreted 60.9% in urine within 6 hours after injection. CMX was administered clinically to 22 pediatric patients with various infections (respiratory tract infection 16 including 1 pyothorax, urinary tract infection 4, tonsillitis with sinusitis 2) at the dose of 39 approximately 96 mg/kg/day for 4 approximately 9 days, and the following satisfactory results were obtained; excellent in 11, good in 9, and poor in 2. The rate of satisfactory clinical response was 90.9%. Eosinophilia 2 cases, slight elevation of transaminase 3 cases, slight elevation of BUN 1 case and transient diarrhea 1 case were observed. But no other serious side effects were observed.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of cefmenoxime in pediatric infections]. 630 97

We have investigated the effectiveness of seven new beta-lactam antibiotics, azlocillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, latamoxef (moxalactam), and cefotaxime, against acute pulmonary exacerbations caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Three hundred and fifty-five strains of Ps aeruginosa isolated from 310 sputum cultures (190 cystic fibrosis patients) were tested for susceptibility to the drugs by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The highest activity was shown by ceftazidime (6% resistant strains) followed by cefsulodin and piperacillin (15 and 16% resistant strains); very low activity was found for cefotaxime and latamoxef (moxalactam). Ceftazidime was the most active drug against 32 pseudomonas isolates that were resistant to both carbenicillin and aminoglycosides (78% susceptible). A randomized, double-blind trial of azlocillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefsulodin or cefoperazone was performed in 111 cystic fibrosis patients with predominant and susceptible pseudomonas in their sputum. Results were evaluated by a clinical, radiological and bacteriological scoring system: the best results were obtained with ceftazidime, followed by cefsulodin and piperacillin. However, pseudomonas was eradicated in only 22 (23%) of the cases with the most active drugs and persisted or reappeared in all the cases 1 to 3 months later. Ceftazidime always eradicated Staph. aureus and Haemophilus influenzae associated with pseudomonas. Similar eradication occurred nearly always with cefsulodin but rarely with the other drugs. No serious drug reaction occurred but a later fever and rash with piperacillin, transient diarrhoea with cefoperazone, vomiting with cefsulodin, and very frequent eosinophilia with ceftazidime should be mentioned. These five drugs offer, in varying degree, alternatives to traditional anti pseudomonas antibiotics in cystic fibrosis pulmonary infections, but they should be used only against well-proven resistant strains. Ceftazidime is best and cefotaxime and latamoxef (moxalactam) least useful.
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PMID:Alternative antibiotics for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis. 631 88

Forty-five children (aged 1 day to 15 years) with bacterial meningitis were randomized to receive either traditional therapy (ampicillin and chloramphenicol or gentamicin, pending sensitivity) or ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg per day in two doses for a minimum of 10 days). The etiological agents involved were similar for the two groups and included Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and group B streptococcus. Repeat spinal taps were carried out 24 to 48 h after admission. Organisms were seen on the Gram stain of one patient treated with ceftriaxone, but five patients in the traditional therapy group had organisms present on Gram stain of uncentrifuged spinal fluid or positive cultures of the spinal fluid (or both). Ceftriaxone entered the cerebrospinal fluid well, and the average cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal activity for ceftriaxone 1 h after a dose was at least 60 times greater than for ampicillin or chloramphenicol. In those patients who received treatment for a long enough period of time to permit evaluation, there was one death in each group, both due to S. pneumoniae. The length of fever and complications were similar for the patients in both groups. Ceftriaxone was well tolerated; diarrhea, seen in 5 of the 22 patients who received the drug, was the most commonly encountered adverse effect. It was mild, and in no case was it necessary to discontinue the drug. Ceftriaxone appears in this preliminary study to be a safe and acceptable single agent for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children.
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PMID:Comparison of ceftriaxone and traditional therapy of bacterial meningitis. 632 81

The clinical efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone, a long half-life cephalosporin were evaluated in 48 children with a variety of serious bacterial infections. Clinical cure was achieved in 92% (44 of 48) of patients. Peak serum bactericidal titres for Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Str. pyogenes and Escherichia coli were greater than or equal to 1:1024. Mean peak and trough ceftriaxone levels were 173 and 42 mg/l, respectively. Mild and transient diarrhoea was observed in 10% of patients. Laboratory side effects encountered were eosinophilia, thrombocytosis and neutropenia in another 8%. Ceftriaxone is a useful antibiotic for common childhood infections. Its prolonged half-life allows twice daily administration which reduces problems related to intravenous therapy as well as the cost and personnel time.
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PMID:Twice daily ceftriaxone therapy for serious bacterial infections in children. 633 22

A double-blind study of 240 pediatric outpatients with acute otitis media demonstrated that cyclacillin, administered three times a day for ten days, is as effective as and better tolerated than a similar regimen of amoxicillin. Clinical success was achieved in 96% of the children treated with each drug, and the bacteriologic cure rate was 98% in each treatment group. Only three of the 119 children (2.5%) treated with cyclacillin had drug-related diarrhea, in contrast to 17/121 children (14%) treated with amoxicillin (P less than .01). This greater tolerance for cyclacillin may be due to its more effective and rapid absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The results are discussed in terms of the low incidence of resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae and the advantages of cyclacillin as the first-line treatment for acute otitis media.
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PMID:Cyclacillin versus amoxicillin as treatment for acute otitis media. 633 65

In a prospective, randomized study, moxalactam in 44 children was compared with ampicillin or chloramphenicol in 47 children for the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Both groups were comparable in terms of clinical and laboratory findings at admission. The hospital course, neurologic sequelae including deafness, and number of deaths were the same for both groups. The incidence of adverse reactions also was the same except that diarrhea and thrombocytosis occurred significantly (P less than or equal to 0.04) more frequently in children given moxalactam. Moxalactam was equivalent to ampicillin or chloramphenicol in the treatment of H. influenzae type b meningitis in children.
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PMID:Prospective comparative trial of moxalactam versus ampicillin or chloramphenicol for treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in children. 636 77


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