Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty patients with late-onset idiopathic immunoglobulin deficiency were studied and the frequency of various clinical associations and complications was observed. Men and women were equally affected, although the age at onset in men peaked in the third decade whereas it was more uniformly distributed in women. Sinobronchopulmonary infections were common and were caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus: bronchiectasis occurred in 28 per cent. Thirty patients (60 per cent) had diarrhea, which was often associated with steatorrhea, giardiasis, achlorhydria, abnormal Schilling tests and morphologic abnormalities on small bowel biopsy specimens, including nodular lymphoid hyperplasia; three patients had pernicious anemia. In the 20 patients without diarrhea these abnormalities were not observed except for giardiasis in one patient and achlorhydria in two patients. Cholelithiasis occurred in both groups in about a third of the patients tested. A high degree of susceptibility to neoplasia was noted. Thyroid abnormalities, including primary hypothyroidism and Graves' disease, were observed in six patients. Additional occasional findings were vitiligo, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and arthritis. Splenomegaly occurred in 14 (28 per cent) patients. The percentage of B lymphocytes in the blood was determined in 10 patients; it was normal or slightly decreased in eight patients and low in two patients.
 ...
PMID:Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency. Clinical observations in 50 patients. 78 41

In a 20-month period, 1,783 children seen in the pediatric outpatient department had blood cultures performed and 117 (6.5%) of these children had bacteremia. Two thirds of the isolates were Diplococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae b. Ninety-three percent of children with H. influenzae b bacteremia and 20% of children with pneumococcal bacteremia had soft tissue involvement at the initial visit. Most children with positive blood cultures (102) were previously well and beyond the newborn period and many (46) had seemingly trivial illnesses initially: upper respiratory tract infection, fever of unknown origin, otitis media, and diarrhea. In the absence of soft tissue infection, the latter three diagnoses correlated best with bloodstream invasion. Nineteen children had persistent bacteremia and five developed soft tissue complications not noted initially. Two factors, age between 7 and 24 months and temperature between 39.4 and 40.6 C, showed increased specificity for bacteremia but were sensitive only for pneumococcal disease. A temperature larger than or equal to 40.5 C showed more specificity for bacteremia than lesser fevers. A white blood cell count greater than 20,000/cu mm was poorly sensitive, and pulmonary infiltrates were neither specific nor sensitive for positive blood cultures. Five bacteremic children had aseptic lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. Two days of intravenous antibiotic therapy and eight days of oral therapy were adequate for pneumococcal bacteremia without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be ideal, however, since other routes and duration of therapy were not evaluated.
 ...
PMID:Bacteremia in children: an outpatient clinical review. 93 43

Clinical effect of amoxicillin was evaluated in 29 cases of the acute infections of ear, nose and throat: 8 cases of acute purulent otitis media, one case of acute otitis externa, one case of furuncle of the ear, 2 cases of acute sinusitis, 12 cases of acute lacunar tonsillitis, 2 cases of pharyngolaryngitis, one case of acute cervical lymphadenitis, one case of phlegmon of the face and one case of acute gingivitis. The following results were obtained from the clinical and laboratory studies. 1) The therapeutic results were excellent in 18 cases, good in 5 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases. The effect was observed in 79.3% of the patients treated. 2) The causative bacteria were: 3 strains of beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, 4 strains of Hemophilus, 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae, one strain of Gram-positive Diplococcus and Gram-negative Bacillus. Clinically good results were obtained in patients infected with beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, Hemophilus and Diplococcus pneumoniae. 3) No side effect was observed with amoxicillin, except slight diarrhea in one case. This side effect disappeared by cessation of the administration. 4) No unfavourable influence was noticed on peripheral blood, liver function nor renal function by administration of amoxicillin. 5) From the results of this series, amoxicillin seems to be useful in the treatment of acute infections of the ear, nose and throat.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical study on amoxicillin in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)]. 115 88

The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of clarithromycin and azithromycin are described. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that are similar in structure to erythromycin. Compared with erythromycin, clarithromycin demonstrates increased activity against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin also has in vitro activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Toxoplasma gondii. Azithromycin has increased gram-negative activity compared with erythromycin, including activity against Haemophilus influenzae, while maintaining activity against gram-positive organisms. Azithromycin also has activity against sexually transmitted organisms including Chlamydia trachomatis. The pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin and azithromycin are characterized by good oral bioavailability, excellent tissue penetration and persistence, and long elimination half-lives, which allow for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. Initial data show that clarithromycin and azithromycin are effective for the treatment of upper-respiratory-tract and lower-respiratory-tract infections and infections of the skin and skin structures. Azithromycin has been shown to be effective for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin and azithromycin have been used to treat MAC and Toxoplasma infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The most frequently reported adverse effects for both agents have been nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Oral formulations of clarithromycin and azithromycin have recently been approved by the FDA. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that have potential advantages over erythromycin; however, the role of these agents will be better defined as results of more ongoing trials become available for evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Clarithromycin and azithromycin: new macrolide antibiotics. 151 40

In two multicenter trials, lomefloxacin and cefaclor were compared as treatments for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. In total, 522 adult outpatients were enrolled at 50 centers in the United States. Patients were randomized to treatment groups receiving either 400 mg lomefloxacin orally once daily (n = 259) or 250 mg cefaclor every 8 hours (n = 263) for 7-10 days. Both groups were comparable in terms of age, severity of exacerbation, smoking history, theophylline use, and baseline pathogens. The most common baseline pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae, found in 32% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and in 29% in the cefaclor group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13% and 16%, respectively), Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (12% and 13%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10% in both groups). Bacterial eradication rates 1-4 days after the completion of treatment for all patients with baseline pathogens were 81.8% in the lomefloxacin group and 62.7% in the cefaclor group (p less than 0.001). Clinical success (disappearance or improvement of presenting signs and symptoms) was noted in 80.0% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and 64.7% in the cefaclor group (p = 0.002). Eradication rates for the subgroup of patients who had pathogens susceptible in vitro to both study drugs and who completed treatment were 97.1% for lomefloxacin and 84.6% for cefaclor (p = 0.002). Clinical success rates in this subgroup were 92.4% for lomefloxacin and 90.1 for cefaclor (p = 0.585). Treatment-related adverse events were reported for 7% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and 5% in the cefaclor group. The most common adverse events in both groups were nausea and diarrhea. Six patients were withdrawn from treatment with lomefloxacin and four from the cefaclor group because of adverse events. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of theophylline interaction with either treatment. Once-daily oral administration of 400 mg lomefloxacin was an effective, well-tolerated alternative to 250 mg of cefaclor three times daily in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
 ...
PMID:Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 131 59

Azithromycin is an azalide antimicrobial agent. Structurally related to the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin, its mechanism of activity (similar to erythromycin) is interference with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S component of the 70S ribosomal subunit. Although slightly less potent than erythromycin against gram-positive organisms, azithromycin demonstrates superior activity in vitro against a wide variety of gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae. Absorption is approximately 37% after a 500-mg oral dose. The large volume of distribution (23 L/kg) and low peak serum level (0.4 micrograms/ml) are consistent with data demonstrating extensive tissue distribution and intracellular accumulation. Metabolism is predominantly hepatic (to inactive metabolites), with biliary excretion a major pathway of elimination. Drug elimination is biphasic, with a terminal half-life of up to 5 days. Published trials have examined the efficacy and safety of azithromycin in the treatment of adults with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, streptococcal pharyngitis, and sexually transmitted diseases. Many used a 5-day course of 250 mg once daily, supplemented with a 250-mg dose on the first day of therapy. Selected trials in sexually transmitted diseases examined single 1-g doses. Promising results also were obtained with oral daily doses of 500 mg in patients with human immunoviral infection who also had Mycobacterium avium complex infection and in animals with toxoplasmosis. Adverse reactions are primarily gastrointestinal (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain), with minimal laboratory abnormalities reported. Gastrointestinal tolerance is better than that of erythromycin. Drug interactions have not been observed to date, although coadministration of azithromycin with a large meal may reduce absorption by up to 50%.
 ...
PMID:Azithromycin--spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications. 131 48

We carried out bacteriological and clinical studies of panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP), a newly-developed carbapenem antibiotic, in pediatrics, and the following results were obtained: 1. When antibacterial activities of panipenem (PAPM) were determined, it was found that MICs against such Gram-positive cocci as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and against such Gram-negative rods as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Branhamella catarrhalis were all sufficiently low. 2. PAPM showed better MIC-correlated antibacterial activities against 215 subcultured strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) than imipenem. 3. Clinical efficacies were evaluated to be excellent in 23 of 34 patients treated with PAPM/BP, excluding 3 patients from the efficacy evaluation. In addition, good responses were obtained in 10 patients but poor response in one, showing the overall efficacy rate of 97.1%. As for bacteriological efficacies, the eradication rate was also determined to be high, 92.6%. 4. As for side effects, rash appeared in 2 patients, and soft stool and diarrhea occurred in one each. The overall incidence of side effects was calculated to be 10.8%. As for abnormal laboratory findings, increases of eosinophiles in 4 patients, thrombocytes in 2, total bilirubin in 1, and GOT in 1 were observed. From these results, PAPM/BP was thought to be a highly useful drug in pediatrics.
 ...
PMID:[Bacteriological and clinical studies of panipenem/betamipron in pediatrics]. 151 29

The use of cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) in the treatment of pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms was investigated in a multi-center trial conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 266 patients were enrolled in this double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel study; 132 patients were treated with cefaclor AF and 134 patients received the reference drug cefaclor. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia, with a positive sputum culture and an infiltrate on chest roentgenogram. Patients received either cefaclor AF (750 mg twice daily) or cefaclor (500 mg three times daily) for 10 to 14 days. Forty patients in the cefaclor AF group and 45 in the cefaclor group were evaluable for efficacy, with 37 (92.5%) and 43 (95.6%), respectively, showing a favorable posttherapy clinical response. Proven or presumed pathogen elimination was achieved in 87.5% and 86.7% of cases, respectively. Both study drugs demonstrated high levels of activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Moraxella catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). There were no statistically significant differences between drugs in efficacy results. One or more side effects were reported by 42.4% of the patients treated with cefaclor AF and by 44.0% of those treated with cefaclor; diarrhea, nausea, headache, and respiratory disorders were the most common adverse events. No drug-related side effects were seen with a frequency or severity that would be unexpected with the use of oral cephalosporins. Cefaclor AF and cefaclor performed equally well with respect to clinical and bacteriologic response rates in the treatment of pneumonia.
 ...
PMID:Cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of pneumonia. 152 91

The efficacy and safety of loracarbef, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, was compared with that of amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium in the treatment of bacterial acute otitis media with effusion. A double-blind format was utilized to administer 10-day, randomized, parallel treatment regimens to patients who were between 6 months and 12 years of age. The most prevalent causative pathogens found in the two treatment groups were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. The percentages of favorable posttherapy clinical responses in evaluable patients were similar for both drugs: 87.3% (124/142) of the loracarbef group, compared with 91.5% (130/142) of the amoxicillin-clavulanate group, showed favorable responses within 72 hours after treatment. Ten to sixteen days after treatment, 68.1% of the loracarbef group, compared with 76.1% of the amoxicillin-clavulanate group, showed favorable responses. More patients in the amoxicillin-clavulanate group reported treatment-emergent events: 46.1% compared with 35.8% in the loracarbef group (p = 0.023). Diarrhea was the most frequently reported event, occurring in 13.3% of the loracarbef group and in 26.3% of the amoxicillin-clavulanate group (p less than 0.001). Vomiting was reported by 5.8% of the loracarbef group and 10.3% of the amoxicillin-clavulanate group (p = 0.072). Loracarbef is comparable in efficacy to amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of bacterial acute otitis media with effusion and has a more desirable safety profile.
 ...
PMID:Loracarbef (LY163892) versus amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of bacterial acute otitis media with effusion. 159 61

In this single-blind study, 488 patients with acute bronchitis were randomly assigned to receive 400 mg of loracarbef twice daily or 500/125 mg of amoxicillin/clavulanate three times daily for seven days. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in 98 patients treated with loracarbef and in 99 treated with amoxicillin-clavulanate in whom pretreatment positive cultures of pathogens susceptible to both study drugs were found. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated in pure or mixed cultures in 64% of the evaluable patients; S pneumoniae was found in 26%. Among the evaluable patients, the rate of favorable clinical responses (cure and improvement) in the loracarbef group (96 of 98 patients; 98.0%) was similar to that in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group (96 of 99 patients; 97.0%); the favorable bacteriologic response rates were also similar (93.7% vs 92.9%, respectively). Eight patients in the loracarbef group and nine in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group discontinued treatment because of adverse events. The events were presumed to be drug related in five of the loracarbef group and in seven of the amoxicillin/clavulanate group. During therapy, diarrhea was the most frequently reported event in both groups. However, it occurred in only 8.2% of the loracarbef-treated patients compared with 22.5% of the amoxicillin/clavulanate patients (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that both loracarbef and amoxicillin/clavulanate are safe and effective in the treatment of acute purulent bacterial bronchitis.
 ...
PMID:Loracarbef (LY163892) versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute purulent bacterial bronchitis. 161 41


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>