Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a retrospective study of adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) admitted to the intensive care unit, 60 patients were identified from 25 hospitals within the 12-month study period. Thirty-two percent were aged less than 44 years and 65% less than 65. One-third were previously fit. Two or more of the following three features, respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 min-1, diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 60 mmHg and blood urea greater than 7 mmol l-1, were present in 72%. A pathogen was identified in 58% and five pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 86% of these. Gram-negative enterobacteria were identified only once. Forty-eight percent reached the intensive care unit within 24 h of hospital admission, with respiratory failure or progressive exhaustion being the main reason for transfer. However, eight patients were only transferred following a cardio-respiratory arrest on the general ward. Eighty-eight percent received assisted ventilation which was given for a median of 8 days. A median of 4 (range 1-11) different antibiotics were given to each patient, with erythromycin and the penicillins prescribed most frequently. Aminoglycosides were given to 43% of patients, although Gram-negative enterobacteria were rarely found. Forty-eight percent died during the acute illness and a further 5% died shortly afterwards. Multi-organ failure was common with respiratory failure alone accounting for a minority of deaths. Forty-eight percent of deaths occurred within 1 week of hospital admission, but of 18 patients still receiving assisted ventilation at 14 days, 67% survived.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit. The British Thoracic Society Research Committee and The Public Health Laboratory Service. 156 23

Some studies suggest a potential role for bacterial respiratory tract infections in the development of bronchospasm and the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis have exaggerated airway reactivity; croup in children can also cause exaggerated upper and lower airway responsiveness. Bronchial obstruction after inhalation of Haemophilus influenzae and other bacteria has been reported. Between January 1989 and June 1990 we and two other centers studied 193 patients suffering from acute exacerbation of asthma. Fifty-two (27%) of these patients had bacteria in their sputum. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, and H influenzae were the most commonly isolated bacterial species. Antibiotics may be of value in the treatment of infective lung disease, not only by killing bacteria but also by preventing increases in bacterial histamine levels within the lung airways. Moreover, an antibiotic of proven efficacy can reduce airway reactivity in patients with bacterial exacerbations of COPD or bronchial asthma. In 12 patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of asthma and high airway reactivity to methacholine, a ten-day course of treatment with cefaclor and existing bronchodilators induced microbiologic cure and a slight but nonsignificant change in airway reactivity in nine patients. Antibiotic therapy has a minor but clear role in the control of acquired bronchial hyperreactivity during bacterial respiratory infections in asthmatic patients; however, because of airway inflammation, an antibiotic's efficacy is evident only when the inflammatory process subsides. Approaches designed to minimize airway reactivity may contribute to the prevention or reversal of respiratory failure during exacerbation of COPD and bronchial asthma.
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PMID:Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and bacterial respiratory infections. 170 90

The purpose of this study is to report 18 cases of membranous laryngotracheobronchitis (MLTB) and to review 143 published cases in order to accurately characterize the epidemiology, presentation, clinical course, treatment, and outcome of patients with this disorder. The male:female ratio was 2:1; mean age was four years. Most patients presented with acute onset of respiratory distress with fever, toxicity, and stridor after a prodrome of upper respiratory tract infection lasting a few days. White blood cell counts varied over a wide range, and blood culture results were rarely positive. Respiratory cultures commonly yielded Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus influenzae. Diagnosis was usually confirmed by airway radiographs or endoscopy. An artificial airway was required in 83% of patients. Complications included respiratory failure, toxic shock syndrome, anoxic encephalopathy, and death. MLTB is a serious, potentially fatal cause of acute infectious airway obstruction in infants and children that requires an organized approach to diagnosis and management.
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PMID:An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of membranous laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and children. 178 20

Bacterial infections is one of the most important complications in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. We reported the causative microorganisms in these cases with special reference to various clinical features and presented the recommended treatment and prophylaxis against respiratory bacterial infections in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae. In 1988 and 1989, 63 patients with tuberculosis sequela were demonstrated to have been infected with respiratory pathogenic bacteria by the quantitative sputum culture method (greater than or equal to 10(7)/ml) in Tokyo National Chest Hospital. The male/female ratio of these patients was 3.5, and their average age was 62.5 years. Causative microorganisms of the secondary infections in the patients with tuberculosis sequela were essentially similar in those with other lower respiratory tract infections, i.e., chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, diffuse panbonchiolitis, chronic pulmonary emphysema, etc. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli (GNF-GNB), and glucose-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (GF-GNB) were the major pathogenic bacteria responsible for the chronic respiratory failure and/or fatal outcome in the post-tuberculous patients. Patients with complications, including aspergillosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, bronchial asthma, and so forth, showed no specific causative microorganism for the secondary infections except frequent isolation of Haemophilus influenzae. Our clinical observations clearly demonstrated that there were differences between the causative microorganisms in patients hospitalized during 1988 to 1989 and those in patients without admission. Gram-negative bacilli, including P. aeruginosa, GNF-GNB and GF-GNB, and Staphylococcus aureus were predominant in hospitalized patients. On the contrary, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis were major pathogenic bacteria in patients without hospitalization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Tuberculosis sequelae: secondary bacterial infections]. 207 64

To obtain accurate information on distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation in patients with chronic bronchitis, we prospectively studied 54 such patients who had been receiving mechanical ventilation because of hypercapnic respiratory failure. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy using a protected specimen brush (PSB) was performed on each patient within the first 24 h after admission. Cultures of protected brush specimens demonstrated no growth in 27 patients (50%). With the exception of fever (38.2 +/- 0.8 versus 37.7 +/- 0.6 degrees C; p less than 0.05), the initial severity of the episode of exacerbation was similar in patients with and without infection. A total of 44 organisms were isolated in the 27 patients with positive cultures; the predominant pathogens were Hemophilus spp. and Streptococcus spp. (involved in 74% of cases), but other organisms were isolated in 12 of 27 patients. Mortality rates, duration of mechanical ventilation, and duration of hospitalization were not significantly different between patients with bronchial microflora treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy (n = 27) and patients without bronchial microflora either receiving empirical antibiotic therapy (n = 18) or not (n = 9). These data suggest that distal bronchial infection due to the usual pathogens, as far as shown by protected specimen brush cultures, may not be the sole or even the predominant cause of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
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PMID:Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients. 224 Aug 19

Seventy-one adult patients with 72 infections were treated, by random selection, with intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin or intravenously administered ceftazidime. Twenty-seven additional patients with 29 infections who were not appropriate for random assignment were treated in an open study with intravenously administered ciprofloxacin only; the latter infections were generally more serious or were caused by ceftazidime-resistant organisms. The most common doses were ciprofloxacin, 200 mg intravenously and 500 mg orally every 12 hours and ceftazidime, 1 to 2 g intravenously every eight to 12 hours. Forty-seven ciprofloxacin-treated infections and 31 ceftazidime-treated infections were evaluable for determination of efficacy. Infections included lower respiratory tract (21 infections), urinary (37 infections), skin/soft tissue (14 infections), bacteremia/endocarditis (four infections), colitis (one infection), and mastoiditis (one infection). Median minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were, respectively: for Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis, no more than 0.06 and no more than 0.25 micrograms/ml; for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.25 and 4 micrograms/ml; for Enterococcus faecalis, 1 and more than 32 micrograms/ml; and for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.25 and 8 micrograms/ml. Ciprofloxacin, 200 mg intravenously, yielded mean serum concentrations 0.5 and eight hours post-intravenous infusion of 2.3 and 0.7 micrograms/ml, respectively. Satisfactory clinical responses were achieved in 17 (81 percent) of 21 patients with intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin, 22 (71 percent) of 31 patients with ceftazidime, and 20 (77 percent) of 26 patients with intravenous ciprofloxacin. The most common treatment failures occurred in complicated skin/soft-tissue infections treated with intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin, complicated urinary tract infections treated with ceftazidime, and necrotizing P. aeruginosa pneumonia treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin; the pneumonia patients all had respiratory failure and had been previously unresponsive to treatment with other appropriate drugs. Serious adverse reactions were observed in three patients, seizures with intravenous ciprofloxacin in two patients, and Clostridium difficile diarrhea with ceftazidime in one patient. We conclude that sequential intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were comparable in efficacy and safety; the ability to change from intravenous to oral therapy is a major convenience. Intravenous ciprofloxacin was useful for more serious infections, often caused by ceftazidime-resistant organisms.
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PMID:Intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin versus ceftazidime in the treatment of serious infections. 258 61

Chronic bronchitis is responsible for 20,000 deaths per annum in France, i.e. 5 per cent of the overall mortality rate. Infection of the bronchi and lung tissue is a frequent cause of death in these patients. Acute on chronic bronchitis ranks fifth among the causes of disablement and admission to hospital. Pneumococci and Haemophilus influenza are the organisms most frequently isolated. the incidence and potential severity of acute episodes of infection account for the repeated use of antibiotics which carries a risk of promotion bacterial resistance. RU 41740 is a non-specific immunomodulator agent which reinforces the non-specific means of the respiratory tract against infections. Three double-blind, drug versus placebo and therefore reliable therapeutic trials have shown that the drug is effective in preventing airway infection. In patients with moderately advanced chronic bronchitis, RU 41740 reduces the number and duration of acute infectious episodes as well as antibiotic consumption. This positive effect persists in patients with chronic respiratory failure, including those who present with extensive bronchial dystrophy. RU 41740 is particularly effective in patients with numerous previous episodes of infection, but it also acts at all stages of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:[Chronic bronchitis. Value of RU 41740]. 297 Nov 83

In our study, 16 patients with acute infection complicating severe respiratory disease were treated with temocillin 2g or 3g daily for 5 to 10 days. In 10 patients, a recognised respiratory pathogen, either Haemophilus influenzae (temocillin-sensitive) or Streptococcus pneumoniae (temocillin-resistant), was isolated from sputum before the start of treatment. 13 patients improved clinically but 5 subsequently relapsed. Two patients failed to respond, and 1 died of respiratory failure. There was no clearcut relationship between the clinical progress and sensitivity of the isolated pathogen to temocillin, and there were no adverse effects associated with the administration of temocillin.
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PMID:Temocillin in the treatment of chest infections. 402 25

Pneumatoceles were found in 2.4 per cent of 493 infants and children with pneumonia. In all cases, attempts were made to establish the etiology by means of blood cultures and of deep tracheal aspirations or pleural punctures, when indicated. A definite cause was established in 9 of 12 cases. Seven were due to infection: in two Hemophilus influenzae was involved; two others were due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were each isolated in one case. Two pneumatoceles were seen following kerosene ingestion. A coagulase negative staphylococcus isolated only on blood culture in one other child may have been related to the illness. Two patients experienced spontaneous pneumothorax and died of progressive respiratory failure due to enlargement of the pneumatocele, but all the other patients recovered without complication. Pneumatoceles in childhood can result from a variety of bacterologic infections as well as from kerosene ingestion.
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PMID:Pneumatocele in infants and children. Report of 12 cases. 683 22

Seventy transtracheal aspirates (T.T.A.) have been achieved with patients having an acute pneumonia; 42 had a chronic respiratory failure; 25 had received a previous antibiotherapy; 49 presented negatives delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. No major accident was noticed and the T.T.A. were positive in 87 p. cent of the cases. The results show the predominance of the Cocci Gram + especially pneumococcus. These cases are associated with Hemophilus influenzae in 19 p. cent of the cases. Negative skin tests show the frequency of this association. Infections with Bacilles Gram -- are found as well in this circumstance. The previous antibiotherapy alters microflora and leads to a B.G. -- as well predominance. At last, the evolution is not influenced by the discovery of an organism in the T.T.A. The authors compare the results with those found in previous work and conclude in the interest of that method which enable a quick identification of the organism and the starting of a well adapted antibiotherapy.
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PMID:[Acute pneumonia without pyosis among adults. Outcome of seventy-transtracheal aspirations (author's transl)]. 727 Sep 41


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