Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common respiratory tract conditions seen by primary care physicians. Each year approximately 20 million cases of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) occur in the United States. Since diagnosis of ABRS relies on clinical evaluation, treatments are usually empirical and include an antibiotic treatment that covers the common bacteria associated with ABRS infection, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. The Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT) recommends that antimicrobial therapy for rhinosinusitis should combine high susceptibility, clinical effectiveness, safety, and tolerability. The most efficacious antibiotics for ABRS include the respiratory fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, as well as ceftriaxone and amoxicillin-clavulanate. The use of fluoroquinolones or high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate is recommended for patients with mild disease who have had recent antimicrobial therapy or for patients with moderate disease. These drugs are generally well tolerated with mild adverse effects. Resistance to fluoroquinolones in S pneumoniae and H influenzae has remained low in spite of their increased use. Recent studies indicate that short-course, high-dose treatment regimens may reduce total drug use, improve tolerability and adherence, prevent increases in resistance, and increase efficacy. The use of fluoroquinolones or amoxicillin-clavulanate in a short-course, high-dose regimen may represent an exciting new protocol in the treatment of rhinosinusitis.
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PMID:Treatment of rhinosinusitis in the outpatient setting. 1599 77

Infants at day care centers tend to contract repetitive upper respiratory infections and prolonged otitis media. The increase in antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, particularly in infants, has given rise to a stubborn therapeutic problem. We studied the nasopharyngeal carriage and drug resistance to Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), the most common pathogens of upper respiratory infections, in infants at day care centers. Nasopharyngeal cultures of infants between the ages of 0 and 6 years were conducted at two day care centers in July 2004 ("summer"; n=183), and in February 2005 ("winter"; n=182). Isolated H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests by broth microdilution. We also conducted an otolaryngological examination and a survey on past and life histories. H. influenzae in summer (38.3%) increased significantly in winter (57.7%). Beta-lactamase-negative and positive ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae (BLNAR+ BLPAR) in summer decreased significantly in winter. S. pneumoniae did not differ in summer (42.1%) or in winter (43.4%). Penicillin-resistant and intermediate S. pneumoniae (PRSP+PISP) was 41.3% in summer and decreased significantly to 19.0% in winter. BLNAR + BLPAR and PRSP + PISP differed with the day care center. In otolaryngological examination, rhinosinusitis was commonest (28.4% in summer and 30.8% in winter), followed by allergic rhinitis (8.7% in summer and 6.0% in winter) and otitis media (8.2% in summer and 6.0% in winter). Tonsillitis was minor (0.5% in both seasons). Rhinosinusitis in winter was significantly higher in carriers of H. influenzae and/or S. pneumoniae than in non carriers (36.4% versus 16.0%). Breast-fed infants tended to have less otitis media than bottle-fed infants (38.2% versus 52.9%). H. influenzae and/or S. pneumoniae plateaued (75-80%) after 12 months in day care centers. These results suggest that infants attending day care centers are immediately colonized by H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx after entering the centers. Nasopharyngeal drug-resistant H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae varied during the seasons and between day care centers. Further prospective studies are needed to determine upper respiratory tract infection in infants at day care centers and to evaluate carriage, epidemiology, and the drug-resistance rates of these pathogens.
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PMID:[Survey of nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants at day care centers]. 1723 37

Rhinosinusitis is a common complication in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who receive radiotherapy. An impaired mucociliary clearance due to this treatment may be the major cause of rhinosinusitis in these irradiated patients. The relative frequency with which various pathogens cause rhinosinusitis in these patients is unknown. This study investigates the bacteriology of acute rhinosinusitis in irradiated NPC patients by maxillary sinus puncture. From October 2001 through July 2006, 20 irradiated NPC patients with radiograph-proven acute maxillary sinusitis received maxillary sinus punctures. Aspirate contents of the sinuses were collected for aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. A total sampling of 26 sides was performed in the 20 patients. The culture rate was 85%. Frequently identified aerobes and facultative anaerobes included alpha-hemolytic streptococcus (n = 8), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 5) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 3). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, however, are far less common. This may provide important information about the antibiotic therapy in irradiated NPC patients with acute rhinosinusitis.
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PMID:Bacteriology of acute rhinosinusitis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors: a result of maxillary sinus punctures. 1751 77

Rhinosinusitis is a common inflammatory bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Viral infection is often the inciting event. The ensuing inflammation obstructs the narrow ostiomeatal complex, causing facial pain and pressure, nasal obstruction, congestion, postnasal drainage, and mucopurulence. The exacerbation of symptoms after 5 to 7 days or their persistence for more than 10 days indicates acute rhinosinusitis. Acute infection lasts less than 4 weeks and resolves completely with therapy. Chronic rhinosinusitis is defined as the persistence of symptoms beyond 12 weeks. Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the primary respiratory tract pathogens involved in both acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Management is aimed at controlling the infection and decreasing inflammation. The emergence of bacterial resistance can be avoided by the appropriate use of antibiotics. Antibiotic selection is usually empirical, except when culture is possible, and is directed by the common pathogens and their resistance patterns in a given community. Adjunctive therapies can be beneficial in relieving symptoms.
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PMID:Rhinosinusitis. An overview of current management measures in acute and chronic infection. 1966 47

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common source of antibiotic prescriptions. Acute pharyngitis is caused mainly by viruses, viral cases can be distinguished from acute streptococcal pharyngitis using Centor clinical epidemiological criteria, by rapid antigen tests or throat culture. Treatment of choice for streptococcal infection is penicillin V given in two daily doses. In children, acute otitis media (AOM) is the infection for which antibiotics are most often prescribed. Predominant causative pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae non-type b and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination and otoscopic exam. Antibiotic treatment should be initiated promptly in all children<2 years of age, and in older children presenting bilateral AOM, otorrhoea, co-morbidities or severe illness. In Argentina, amoxicillin is the drug of choice given the low penicillin resistance rates for S. pneumoniae. In children who fail amoxicillin therapy, amoxicillin/clavulanate provides better coverage against beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Rhinosinusitis is caused mainly by viruses, secondary bacterial complication occurs in less than 5% of cases. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and additional studies are not usually required. Acute bacterial sinusitis is caused by the same pathogens that cause AOM and amoxicillin is the drug of choice.
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PMID:[Consensus guidelines for the management of upper respiratory tract infections]. 2435 78

To date, no study precisely described ear, nose and throat (ENT) disease in adults with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and its relationship with ciliary function/ultrastructure. A retrospective study of standardized ENT data (exam, audiogram, sinus Computed tomography (CT), and bacteriology) was conducted in 64 adults with confirmed PCD who were followed in two ENT reference centers. Rhinorrhoea and hearing loss were the main symptoms. Symptom scores were higher in older patients. Nasal endoscopy was abnormal in all patients except one, showing nasal polyps in one-third of the patients and stagnant nasal mucus secretions in 87.5% of the patients. Sinus CT opacities were mainly incomplete and showed one-third of the patients with sinus hypoplasia and/or agenesis. Middle meatus mainly grew Haemophilus influenzae, Streptoccocus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Otitis media with effusion (OME), which is constant in childhood, was diagnosed in less than one-quarter of the patients. In two-thirds of the patients, audiogram showed hearing loss that was sensorineural in half of the patients. ENT disease severity was not correlated with ciliary function and ultrastructure, but the presence of OME was significantly associated with a forced expiratory volume (FEV1) < 70%. Rhinosinusitis is the most common clinical feature of PCD in adults, while OME is less frequent. The presence of active OME in adults with PCD could be a severity marker of lung function and lead to closer monitoring.
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PMID:Critical Evaluation of Sinonasal Disease in 64 Adults with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. 3106 52