Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The adverse effects of vaccines include local reactions and systemic symptoms or illnesses. Local reactions are frequent, most often presenting as transient pain, redness, edema and/or nodule. Fever of short duration is the main systemic symptom, generally occurring within 24-48 hours following vaccination. Some vaccines have recognized specific adverse effects such as thrombocytopenic purpura for the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and febrile convulsions for the pertussis vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine have been respectively suspected to be responsible for neurological demyelinating disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but large-scale epidemiological studies have failed to confirm these allegations.
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PMID:[Secondary effects of vaccinations]. 1127 Feb 59

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), defined as a platelet count of below 150 x 109/L persisting for more than 6 months from onset of illness, occurs in approximately 20% to 25% of children with acute-onset ITP. A small subset of these patients (approximately 5%) will manifest symptomatic, severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <20 x 109/L) at 1 year or longer following diagnosis, and may require splenectomy. Complete/partial response rates following splenectomy in children with primary chronic ITP are of the order of 70% to 75%; response rates are lower in children with secondary ITP and those with complex autoimmune cytopenias (e.g., Evans syndrome). Laparoscopic splenectomy is increasingly preferred over open splenectomy. Patients should be immunized with the pneumococcal, Haemophilus type b and meningococcal vaccines before splenectomy; the duration of postsplenectomy antibiotic prophylaxis using penicillin or an equivalent antibiotic is controversial but should be at least until 5 years of age and for a minimum of 1 year postsplenectomy. Some experts advocate life-long antibiotic prophylaxis. Treatment of postsplenectomy failures is a challenge; partial/complete remission rates are low, and multimodality therapy may be more efficacious than monotherapy. The presence of an accessory spleen should be sought and removal considered if present. The role of newer treatment modalities such as anti-CD 20 remains to be established.
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PMID:Childhood chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: unresolved issues. 1466 36

The natural course of acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in infants is poorly described in the literature. A retrospective study of 17 consecutive patients <1 yr of age admitted and treated for acute ITP between 1996 and 2005 was conducted. We investigated their demographics, vaccination history, clinical features, laboratory examinations, response to treatment and long-term outcome. There were 11 male and six female infants. Their ages ranged from 24 d to 12 months with a median of 3 months. All infants presented with petechiae and/or ecchymoses. Fourteen cases had platelet counts below 20 x 10(9)/L at the time of admission. They all had good response to a single course of treatment (14/17) or multiple courses of treatment (3/17). None had progressed into chronic ITP. Seven infants had a causal relationship with immunization, five associated with hepatitis B, one diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, one diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus vaccine-conjugated Haemophilus influenza vaccines. These seven infants responded to treatment within 3-9 d after therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin, high-dose methylprednisolone or oral steroids. Re-boosters with vaccines revealed no recurrence of the disease in all of these seven patients. The study suggests that further immunization is not contraindicated in infants experiencing acute ITP associated with vaccines.
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PMID:Acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in infants: associated factors, clinical features, treatment and long-term outcome. 1685 29

Splenectomy, while often necessary in otherwise healthy patients after major trauma, finds its primary indication for patients with underlying malignant or nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Indications of splenectomy for hematologic diseases have been reducing in the last few years, due to improved diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In high-income countries, there is a clear decrease over calendar time in the incidence of all indication splenectomy except nonmalignant hematologic diseases. However, splenectomy, even if with different modalities including laparoscopic splenectomy and partial splenectomy, continue to be a current surgical practice both in nonmalignant hematologic diseases, such as Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA), Congenital Hemolytic Anemia such as Spherocytosis, Sickle Cell Anemia and Thalassemia and Malignant Hematological Disease, such as lymphoma. Today millions of people in the world are splenectomized. Splenectomy, independently of its cause, induces an early and late increase in the incidence of venous thromboembolism and infections. Infections remain the most dangerous complication of splenectomy. After splenectomy, the levels of antibody are preserved but there is a loss of memory B cells against pneumococcus and tetanus, and the loss of marginal zone monocytes deputed to immunological defense from capsulated bacteria. Commonly, the infections strictly correlated to the absence of the spleen or a decreased or absent splenic function are due to encapsulated bacteria that are the most virulent pathogens in this set of patients. Vaccination with polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines again Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis should be performed before the splenectomy. This practice reduces but does not eliminate the occurrence of overwhelming infections due to capsulated bacteria. At present, most of infections found in splenectomized patients are due to Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. The underlying disease is the most important factor in determining the frequency and severity of infections. So, splenectomy for malignant diseases has the major risk of infections.
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PMID:Bacterial Infections Following Splenectomy for Malignant and Nonmalignant Hematologic Diseases. 2654 26