Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Respiratory tract pathogens (beta-haemolytic streptococci groups A, C and G, Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis or pneumococci), were isolated from nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs in 73/138 (53%) patients greater than 10 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, purulent nasopharyngitis or acute bronchitis. Serological evidence of a viral infection (influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus) or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was found in 10% of the patients. The serum content of C-reactive protein (S-CRP) was increased (greater than 12 mg/l) in 26/33 (79%) patients with streptococci and in 22/59 (37%) patients without respiratory tract bacteria. In patients with a serological evidence of a virus tonsillitis, the S-CRP was also high (32-64 mg/l). At follow-up 10-12 days after the first visit, the clinical effect of erythromycin and penicillin V was judged to be similar (90% clinical effect). Relapse or re-infection with group A streptococci were seen in 7 patients (4 on erythromycin, 3 on penicillin). In another 6 patients (3 on erythromycin, 3 on penicillin), antibiotic treatment was switched owing to persisting symptoms, probably due to H. Influenzae infection in 3 cases. The patients' own estimates of their symptoms suggested treatment with erythromycin to have a more rapid effect than treatment with penicillin.
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PMID:Erythromycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as related to microbiological findings and serum C-reactive protein. 190 52

The duration of antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis is always a topical issue. In our study (58 children), 21 of 24 meningococcal meningitis were treated for 4 or 5 days, 16 of 22 Haemophilus influenzae and 4 of 6 pneumococcal meningitis were treated for 7 days without increase in neurologic sequelae. A return of blood CRP levels to normal values was observed in all these patients simultaneously. Thus, CRP seems to be a good biological parameter for discussing treatment discontinuation. Furthermore, in some complications such as subdural effusion, a new increase of CRP levels was observed after the 5th day. A sequential follow-up of CRP levels at days J0, 5, 7, 10, seems a very useful tool for management of bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:[Reduction of antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Value of C-reactive protein monitoring]. 207 22

Septic arthritis is a synovial infection of bacterial origin. Such a diagnosis, suggested by pain and diminished resistance to infection, should be confirmed by puncture of the joint effusion. The condition calls for emergency hospitalisation and treatment in a surgical unit. Treatment should include draining and cleaning of the joint, immobilization at least in the early stages, and double parenteral antibiotic administration. Clinical, radiological and laboratory follow-up (CRP and ESR) should be pursued. Detection of the responsible germ is often difficult and requires great care in sampling and analysis. The frequency of Haemophilus in children under 4 years of age requires adaptation of antibiotic therapy. In newborns, diagnosis is often difficult and delayed, explaining the frequency of sequelae in this age group. The only important prognostic factor is the interval before beginning treatment.
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PMID:[Septic arthritis in children]. 785 26

Competence for transformation in Haemophilus influenzae is stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and requires the cAMP-dependent catabolite regulatory protein CRP. Thus, understanding the control of competence will require understanding how cAMP levels are regulated. As a first step, we have cloned the H. influenzae adenylate cyclase gene (cya) by complementing the Lac- phenotype of delta cya Escherichia coli. Its sequence specifies an 843-amino-acid protein which has significant identity to other known bacterial adenylate cyclases (41 to 43% and 61% identical to the cya genes of enteric bacteria and of Pasteurella multocida, respectively). As seen in other bacterial cya genes, there is evidence for regulation similar to that demonstrated for E. coli: the presence of a strong consensus CRP binding site within the promoter of the gene may provide feedback control of cAMP levels by repressing cya transcription, and translation may be limited by the weak ribosome binding site and by initiation of protein synthesis with GUG rather than AUG or the UUG used in other bacterial cya genes. We confirmed the essential role of cAMP in competence by constructing and characterizing H. influenzae cya mutants. This strain failed to develop competence either spontaneously or after transfer to a competence-inducing medium. However, it became as competent as its wild-type parent in the presence of exogenous cAMP. This result suggests that the failure of exogenously added cAMP to induce optimum competence in wild-type cells is not due to a limitation to the entry of cAMP into the cells. Rather, it strongly favors models in which competence induction requires both an increase in intracellular cAMP and a second as yet unidentified regulatory event. H. influenzae strains mutant in cya or crp were unable to ferment xylose or ribose. This confirms that influenzae, like E. coli, uses cAMP and CRP to regulate nutrient uptake and utilization and lends increasing support to the hypothesis that DNA uptake is mechanism of nutrient acquisition.
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PMID:The Haemophilus influenzae adenylate cyclase gene: cloning, sequence, and essential role in competence. 822 61

Using a new endotoxin-specific chromogneic limulus assay (Endoscopy test), endotoxin concentrations were measured in 93 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 66 pediatric patients. Eighteen patients were diagnosed as having menigitios. Of these, 6 cases (group A) with gram-negative meningitis proven by culture had high CSF endotoxin concentrations of 115.3, (82-133) (median, range) pg/ml. Ten cases (group B) with gram-positive or aseptic meningitis had endotoxin concentrations of 2.15 (0.1-3.6) pg ml. Other 2 cases with bacterial meningitis (group C), in whom no pathogen was detected, had CSF endotoxin concentrations of more than 100 pg/ml. Four cases with encephalitis (group D) and 45 cases with non-meningitis or non- encephalitis (group E), had CSF endotoxin concentrations of less than 5 pg/ml. Despite a negative culture after antibiotic treatment in group A patients, endotoxin was cleared slowly from the CSF. A clearing of endotoxin from CSF was followed by alleviation of fever with a more gradual decline in CRP values. In 2 cases of group C, the negative bacterial culture appeared to be attributable to the previous treatment with antibiotics. However, these patients had high CSF endotoxin levels, indicating gram negative bacterial meningitis. In 17 CSF specimens from 5 patients of group A, in whom Haemophilus influenzae was detected on admission, an additional a latex agglutination test for the detection of H. influenzae polysaccharide antigen was performed. Only 3 specimens from 3 patients with CSF endotoxin concentrations of more than 80 pg/ml had a positive agglutination test. These results suggest that quantitation of endotoxin concentrations is useful for the diagnosis of gram-negative meningitis. And also, the clearance of endotoxin from CSF during treatment appears to be useful in determining the timing of when antibiotic should be stopped.
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PMID:[Usefulness of endotoxin-specific limulus test for the measurement of endotoxin in cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of bacterial meningitis]. 870 2

Treatment of bacterial meningitis depends on its severity. The signs, symptoms, and laboratory values of 51 patients with bacterial meningitis admitting to the Department of Pediatrics at Sendai City Hospital from January 1985 to December 1994 were analyzed in order to evaluate their prognostic value. The overall mortality rate was 3.9%. The incidence of neurological deficit on discharge was 31.4%. According to their prognoses, patients were divided into two groups: those who recovered with no detectable disabilities (good prognosis) and those who died or were left with neurological deficits (poor prognosis). An analysis of these groups using Fisher's exact probability test revealed that the following risk factors were associated with poor prognosis: 1) duration of fever (including the periods of relapse) for more than 10 days ; 2) abnormal findings on brain imaging, such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral abscess and subdural effusion: 3 initial serum CRP value above 16 mg/dl; 4) initial CSF glucose value below 12 mg/dl; and 5) initial CSF LDH value above 220 IU/l. Streptococcus pneumoniae infection carried the worst prognosis: the causal organism of both the two fetal cases was S. pneumoniae. The incidence of poor prognosis was also high in S. pneumoniae meningitis (60.0%), compared to those by Hemophilus influenzae (46.7%) and group B streptococcus (25.0%). In the cases in which causal agents were not detected, this incidence was as low as 10 percent, showing significant difference from cases in which causal agents were identified. In order to improve the prognosis of bacterial meningitis, factors associated with poor prognosis should be recognized at early stages of the illness.
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PMID:[Factors associated with the prognosis of bacterial meningitis in children]. 924 88

The antibody response to bacteria of the so-called HACEK group, i.e. Haemophilus spp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae, was measured in sera of six patients with endocarditis. The corresponding isolates from their blood cultures were identified by conventional methods, including reactions for nitrate reduction and catalase as well as acid production from sugars. Crude antigens were prepared by glycine extraction and sonification of the blood culture isolates, and used to determine titers by complement fixation. A patient with Haemophilus parainfluenzae bacteremia received a short course of antibiotic therapy, and relapsed with spondylitis and endocarditis 5 months later. Titers of sera against his own isolate rose from 1:40 to 1:320 and fell to 1:40 after therapy within one year. A patient with C. hominis endocarditis had a similarly prolonged course. The complement fixation titer against his own isolate was already 1:240 before antibiotics were administered. Another patient with C. hominis endocarditis presented a titer of 1:320 2 weeks after the diagnosis. These three patients revealed C-reactive protein values over 50 mg/l in the first serum sample. Decrease of both antibody titers and C-reactive protein values correlated with clinical improvement. Two patients with prosthetic valve replacement 5 months earlier developed C. hominis and K. kingae endocarditis, respectively. At admission, C-reactive protein values were 64 and 82, respectively, and therapy was instituted immediately. The first sera were received 3 and 6 weeks, respectively, after isolation of the corresponding blood culture isolates and revealed already low titers, i. e. 1:80 and 1:60, respectively. A woman with A. actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis received immediate therapy and did not develop titers against her own isolate. CRP was 100 at admission and remained over 50 5 weeks later. We conclude that the complement fixation assay with individual antigen preparations was easy to perform and allowed monitoring of the antibody response in 5 of 6 HACEK endocarditis cases under therapy, but the usefulness of this method to find culture-negative HACEK endocarditis needs to be established.
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PMID:Antibody response in six HACEK endocarditis cases under therapy. 967 92

Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) is a potential candidate for a plurispecific vaccine, because it is present on surface components of many mucosal organisms, including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, ChoP has been detected on pili of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of the phosphorylcholine epitope on the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of several species of commensal Neisseriae (Cn), a property that differentiates commensal from the pathogenic strains of Neisseriae. In an extended survey of 78 strains, we confirmed the exclusive expression of the ChoP epitope on pili of pathogenic Neisseriae. Despite the presence of pili on Cn, which are homologous to Class II pili of N. meningitidis, they did not react with anti-ChoP antibody. This observation was further supported by the fact that 14C-labelled choline was incorporated only in the LPSs of Cn. Analysis of the LPS of N. lactamica strain NL4 revealed two distinct and interconvertible molecular species of LPS with high and low levels of reactivity with anti-ChoP antibody. In addition, on/off phase variation gave rise to frequent modulation in the levels of antibody reactivity. A concurrent modulation was also observed in the binding of C-reactive protein, CRP, a ChoP-binding reactant that is implicated in bacterial clearance. Genetic analysis showed the presence of a gene in several Cn spp. with significant sequence identity to H. influenzae licA. This gene encodes choline kinase and is also involved in phase variation of the LPS-associated ChoP in H. influenzae. In contrast, licA-like genes were not identified in the pathogenic Neisseria strains tested. They are absent from N. meningitidis strain Z2491 genome database. These data suggest that the genetic basis for ChoP incorporation in Cn LPS resembles that in H. influenzae spp. and may be distinct from that generating the ChoP epitope on pili of pathogenic Neisseriae. Further, the modulation of ChoP expression on Cn LPS, and corresponding modulation of CRP binding, has the potential to confer the property of immune avoidance and thus of persistence on mucosa.
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PMID:Phosphorylcholine decoration of lipopolysaccharide differentiates commensal Neisseriae from pathogenic strains: identification of licA-type genes in commensal Neisseriae. 1076 Jan 54

Development of competence for DNA uptake by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae is tightly regulated, and expression of the cell's complement of competence genes is absolutely dependent on the cAMP-CRP complex. A second regulator of competence may maximize competence under starvation conditions. Several investigators have recently identified a consensus sequence (competence regulatory element, CRE) in the promoter regions of some competence genes and have proposed that this may be a binding site for Sxy (TfoX), a putative positive regulator of competence. However, a scoring method that reliably ranks candidate binding sites according to affinity for the cognate binding protein predicts that the cAMP-CRP complex will bind CRE sequences with high affinity. Moreover, the predicted Sxy protein lacks recognizable DNA-binding motifs and has not been shown to bind DNA. No other consensus sequences (putative binding sites) were identified in the promoter regions of competence genes. These observations suggest that the proposed competence-specific regulatory elements are in fact CRP-binding sites, and highlight the central role of cAMP-an established bacterial mediator of the response to nutritional stress-in competence regulation. Minor sequence elements uniquely conserved in the set of CRE sequences are predicted to reduce CRP affinity, and a model is suggested in which a secondary regulator of competence genes may interact with CRP under certain conditions to stabilize the initiation complex.
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PMID:Regulation of competence development in Haemophilus influenzae. 1108 5

The comparative approach is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene regulation in bacterial genomes. It can be applied to the analysis of regulons that have been studied experimentally as well as that of regulons for which no known regulatory sites are available. It is assumed that the set of co-regulated genes and the regulatory signal itself are conserved in related genomes. Here, we use genomic comparisons to study the regulation of transport and utilization systems for sugar acids in gamma purple bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia pestis, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Haemophilus influenzae and Vibrio cholerae. The variability of the operon structure and the location of the operator sites for the main transcription factors are demonstrated. The common metabolic map is combined with known and predicted regulatory interactions. It includes all known and predicted members of the GntR, UxuR/ExuR, KdgR, UidR and IdnR regulons. Moreover, most members of these regulons seem to be under catabolite repression mediated by CRP. The candidate UxuR/ExuR signal is proposed, the KdgR consensus is extended, and new operators for all transcription factors are identified in all studied genomes. Two new members of the KdgR regulon, a hypothetical ATP-dependent transport system OgtABCD and YjgK protein with unknown function, are detected. The former is likely to be the transport system for the products of pectin degradation, oligogalacturonides.
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PMID:Transcriptional regulation of transport and utilization systems for hexuronides, hexuronates and hexonates in gamma purple bacteria. 1111 4


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