Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Waldeyer's ring is most prominent during childhood, when the size of the oro-nasopharyngeal space is not yet fully developed, but decreases spontaneously with age. In the child, enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids may cause Eustachian tube dysfunction/otitis media, rhinosinusitis, obstructive sleep apnea, voice changes, change in facial growth, swallowing problems and can affect overall quality of life. Consequently, tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy are among the most common surgical procedures in children. The size of the oro- and nasopharynx has been investigated in normal children with and without tonsil/adenoid hyperplasia, to assess whether or not it is the adenoid and tonsillar tissue that are enlarged and not the dimensions of the anatomic space that are reduced. Studies have supported that the nasopharyngeal space is not smaller in children with hyperplastic adenoids when compared to normal children. However, children with large obstructing tonsils have a smaller oropharyngeal diameter compared to children with small tonsils. Tonsil/adenoid hyperplasia appears to be due to an increase in the lymphoid elements. The size of the tonsil has been shown to be directly proportional to aerobic bacterial load and absolute number of B and T cells. Bacteria have been suggested in the etiology of the development of hyperplasia. Of interest is that of the different pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae in particular, has been associated with tonsil/adenoid hyperplasia. The distribution of dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells, is altered during disease, with fewer dendritic cells in the surface epithelium and more in the crypts and extrafollicular areas.
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PMID:What is wrong in chronic adenoiditis/tonsillitis anatomical considerations. 1057 91

Biofilms of pathogenic bacteria are present on the middle ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media (COM) and may contribute to the persistence of pathogens and the recalcitrance of COM to antibiotic treatment. Controlled studies indicate that adenoidectomy is effective in the treatment of COM, suggesting that the adenoids may act as a reservoir for COM pathogens. To investigate the bacterial community in the adenoid, samples were obtained from 35 children undergoing adenoidectomy for chronic OM or obstructive sleep apnea. We used a novel, culture-independent molecular diagnostic methodology, followed by confocal microscopy, to investigate the in situ distribution and organization of pathogens in the adenoids to determine whether pathogenic bacteria exhibited criteria characteristic of biofilms. The Ibis T5000 Universal Biosensor System was used to interrogate the extent of the microbial diversity within adenoid biopsy specimens. Using a suite of 16 broad-range bacterial primers, we demonstrated that adenoids from both diagnostic groups were colonized with polymicrobial biofilms. Haemophilus influenzae was present in more adenoids from the COM group (P = 0.005), but there was no significant difference between the two patient groups for Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, lectin binding, and the use of antibodies specific for host epithelial cells demonstrated that pathogens were aggregated, surrounded by a carbohydrate matrix, and localized on and within the epithelial cell surface, which is consistent with criteria for bacterial biofilms.
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PMID:Adenoid reservoir for pathogenic biofilm bacteria. 2130 11