Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Middle ear exudate was obtained by myringotomy or aspiration from 625 suburban children, aged 1 month to 12 years, who had acute otitis media; bacterial pathogens were isolated from 71%. Haemophilus species were isolated from 212 (29%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae from 205 (28%). From 1975 to August 1977, the number of Haemophilus isolates found to be resistant to ampicillin has appreciably increased. Currently, 8% of all cases of acute otitis media in the Washington, DC, area are due to H influenzae resistant to ampicillin. Thirty-one of 35 patients with resistant H influenzae otitis were treated with an erythromycin/sulfisoxazole combination with an impressive clinical response. Twenty-six of these 31 cases had failed to have H influenzae eradicated by an average of ten days of oral ampicillin in recommended doses.
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PMID:The increasing incidence of Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. A cause of otitis media. 2 67

The antibody response in serum and middle ear fluid was studied in 40 children less than two years of age who had otitis media due to Haemophilus influenzae. Specific antibody in serum was determined by either a bacteriocidal test or an indirect fluorescent antibody test, and in the middle ear fluid by the latter test. For both assays the infecting bacterium of the patient was used. Half of the acute sera and three-fourths of the convalescent sera had antibody of at least one of the IgG, IgM, or IgA classes; IgG occurred most often. Fourteen patients had significant increases in specific antibody in the convalescent serum. Middle ear fluids from 22 to 29 patients had specific antibody. IgG and IgA antibodies occurred with equal frequency, but IgA antibody was found more often in middle ear fluids when IgA antibody was absent from serum. Thus it appears that infants with otitis media respond systemically and locally with specific antibody to H. influenzae.
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PMID:The immune response to acute otitis media in children. II. Serum and middle ear fluid antibody in otitis media due to Haemophilus influenza. 110 22

One hundred five infants and children with acute otitis media were randomized to therapy with loracarbef, an experimental carbacephem antibiotic, or amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), an approved drug for this disease. Ninety-two were evaluable (46 in each group). Middle ear fluid samples obtained for culture before therapy grew Haemophilus spp. in 30% of cases, pneumococci in 29% of cases, and Moraxella catarrhalis in 15% of cases. beta-Lactamase-producing bacteria were found in 37% of patients. Clinical failure occurred in four loracarbef-treated patients and one amoxicillin-clavulanate-treated patient (P = 0.361). Recurrence of acute otitis media was more common in the 2 to 3 weeks after loracarbef treatment (eight patients) than it was after amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy (three patients), but not significantly so (P = 0.197). Thus, combined failure and recurrence occurred in 12 loracarbef-treated patients and four amoxicillin-clavulanate-treated patients (P = 0.052). Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 13 loracarbef-treated and 21 amoxicillin-clavulanate-treated patients (P = 0.13). Diaper rash was more common with amoxicillin-clavulanate (22 patients) than with loracarbef (10 patients; P = 0.016). Satisfactory results were achieved with both antibiotics, and adverse effects, although common, were minor.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of loracarbef and amoxicillin-clavulanate for acute otitis media. 185 78

A quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear mucosa of mice was carried out by an indirect immunostaining method using various monoclonal antibodies. Mice bred in germ-free, specific pathogen-free, and conventional conditions were used to examine nonimmunized middle ear mucosa. Middle ear mucosae of otitis media-induced mice were also examined. In normal middle ear mucosa, mast cells were substantial, followed by Mac-1-positive cells and lymphocytes. Even though IgA-, IgM-, and Lyt-1-positive cells were seen in the mucosa of conventional mice, IgM-positive cells were seen only in mucosae of specific pathogen-free and germ-free mice. In otitis media-induced mice by inoculation with nontypable Haemophilus influenzae or lipopolysaccharide, Mac-1-positive cells were dominant. Although the numbers of IgM- and Lyt-1-positive cells increased markedly, the numbers of other lymphocyte subsets did not increase until 14 days after inoculation. These findings suggest that the middle ear is immunologically a potential organ as long as it is not exposed to antigenic stimulation. It is considered to be an immunoreactive site only after it has been activated with pathogens.
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PMID:Analysis of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear mucosa. 240 71

A study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria present in the middle ear of patients with otitis media with effusion. Middle ear effusions (MEE), nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were obtained at operation and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Two hundred and fifty-nine effusions were obtained from 152 subjects examined. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from 32 (12.3 per cent) effusions, Streptococcus pneumoniae from seven (2.7 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus from seven (2.7 per cent), Branhamella catarrhalis from one (0.4 per cent)--Group A beta haemolytic streptococci from one (0.4 per cent) and Staphylococcus epidermidis from three (1.9 per cent). The occurrence of respiratory pathogens in MEE reflected their prevalence in the upper respiratory tract. Significantly fewer children who had received antibiotics prior to surgery had organisms present in the MEE. Eight and a half per cent of H. influenzae and 64 per cent of B. catarrhalis were resistant to ampicillin. The present study confirms that bacteria are present in the middle ear in a significant number of patients with otitis media with effusion.
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PMID:Bacteriology of otitis media with effusion. 249 34

An evaluation of the alternative pathway of complement was undertaken in patients with otitis media with effusion (OME). Middle ear fluid (MEF) and serum specimens were obtained from 34 patients at the time of elective myringotomy for OME. Bacterial, viral, and mycoplasma cultures were made for all specimens of the fluids. Immunochemical determinations by radial immunodiffusion were performed for C3, C5, factor B, properdin, factor H, factor I, and albumin. Each patient's recent clinical course and past history were reviewed. The results of all viral and mycoplasma cultures were negative. Three of 55 bacterial cultures were positive for type B Haemophilus influenzae. All components of the alternative pathway measured were found to be present in varying amounts in MEF. When the levels of the complement components were compared to the clinical factors studied, there were no observable differences. These data suggest that components of the alternative pathway of complement are present in OME and are not useful in predicting the clinical course or outcome of this disorder.
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PMID:Components of the alternative pathway of complement in otitis media with effusion. 293 69

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common middle ear inflammatory disease in the pediatric population. This article determines concentrations of three functionally and metabolically distinct inflammatory mediators in middle ear effusions (MEE) and corresponding plasma of children with OME. One hundred two patients (mean age, 4.9 years) with persistent OME were studied. Middle ear effusions were collected from all subjects and plasma from a subset at the time of tympanostomy tube insertion. Histamine was assayed radioisotopically, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (stable PGF2 alpha metabolite) by radioimmunoassay, and neutrophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis by modified Boyden chamber. Mean MEE levels of the mediators (39 +/- 13 ng/mL, 462 +/- 179 pg/mL, and 264% +/- 57% positive control, respectively) were markedly higher than those of corresponding plasma (0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/mL, 285 +/- 127 pg/mL, and 47% +/- 5% positive control, respectively). The mean histamine content of mucoid effusions (43.2 +/- 56.9 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that of purulent (22.5 +/- 10.5 ng/mL) and serous (17.9 +/- 16.8 ng/mL) effusions. Higher histamine levels were observed in effusions positive for Haemophilus influenzae when compared with those with other pathogenic isolates. The high concentrations of these mediators in MEE and their potential for inducing or sustaining the inflammatory process supports a role in the pathogenesis of OME.
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PMID:Inflammatory mediators in chronic otitis media with effusion. 304 37

Middle ear effusions and swabs from the external auditory meatus, nasopharynx and anterior nares have been collected from 100 children with chronic secretory otitis media. Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were typed and in vitro sensitivities to commonly used antibiotics were determined for these species and Staphylococcus aureus. Positive middle ear cultures were obtained from 21 children (27 effusions). Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae were the commonest organisms isolated, both from the middle ear and upper respiratory tract. When one or other of these species was isolated from the middle ear, the same organism was generally found in the upper respiratory tract, but not in the ear canal. The serotypes isolated from the different sites were also the same. Type 19 was the commonest Pneumococcal serotype isolated, while type e was the commonest capsulated strain of H. influenzae. Thirty-six per cent of strains of H. influenzae were resistant to penicillin and 25% of those of S. pneumoniae were resistant to trimethaprim. Eighty-one per cent of isolates of S. aureus were penicillin resistant. There was no difference in the incidence of either S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae in the post nasal spaces of children who had had their adenoids removed and those who had not.
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PMID:A bacteriological study of the middle ear and upper respiratory tract in children with chronic secretory otitis media. 387 68

In patients with acute otitis media who had failed to improve with ampicillin therapy, 35% of Haemophilus strains isolated from the middle ear were ampicillin-resistant. Twenty-nine children (24 of whom had failed to respond to ampicillin) were treated with 40 mg erythromycin ethylsuccinate per kg per day and 100 to 150 mg sulfisoxazole per kg per day. Middle ear exudate was cultured on chocolate and 5% sheep blood agar. Twenty-three of 29 Haemophilus isolates were nontypable, 10% (3 children) were type b, 2 were Haemophilus parainfluenzae and one was not typed. All strains were resistant to ampicillin by disc susceptibility testing, and 28 of 29 strains produced beta-lactamase. The minimal inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for 15 strains ranged from 3.12 to 100 micrograms/ml (median, 6.25 micrograms/ml). The erythromycin ethylsuccinate and acetyl sulfisoxazole combination was effective in treatment of acute otitis media secondary to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. After 10 days of erythromycin ethylsuccinate-sulfisoxazole therapy, 18 patients had normal tympanic membranes. Of 11 with middle ear effusion, 7 cleared, 3 had recurrent otitis media within 1 month and 1 had persistent otitis media with effusion. Our experience suggests the efficacy of this combination in otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae.
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PMID:Erythromycin-sulfisoxazole for persistent acute otitis media due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. 660 Dec 65

Middle ear effusions from 574 patients with acute otitis media (AOM) were sampled and cultured in metropolitan Tokyo. Sampling was done by myringectomy and from otorrhea after the occurrence of spontaneous perforation. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were isolated more widely in 'fresh' (myringotomized) cases than in 'old' cases. The freshness of cases, and the sampling and culture techniques appear to account for the difference in reports concerning causative pathogens of AOM from Japan on one hand and the U.S.A. and Scandanavia on the other. The relatively high detection rate of H. influenzae indicates its importance in all age groups. H. influenzae was isolated from a second group of 50 patients, and MIC values were determined. ABPC proved to be the most effective chemotherapy, except in cases (10%) of beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae. The correlation between the main causative pathogens of AOM and penicillin concentrations found in middle ear effusions was also investigated. The oral administration of 10-12 mg/kg of ABPC surpassed the 85% MIC level against H. influenzae.
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PMID:Bacteriology of acute otitis media in Japan and chemotherapy, with special reference to Haemophilus influenzae. 660 35


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