Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The participation of human IgD class antibody in local immune responses of breast tissue was studied by analysing the sera-to-milk ratios of total IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG isotypes and albumin found in matched samples, and by analysing the sera-to-milk (S/M) ratios of IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae capsular polysaccharide (PRP), phosphorylcholine, tetanus and in some cases diphtheria antigens. The study group consisted of eight women immunized during pregnancy with PRP, and control, unimmunized women. Albumin, and total IgG showed high S/M ratios. IgA had a low S/M ratio as expected, consistent with reports that IgA is locally concentrated. Total IgD and IgM isotype ratio values were intermediate between IgG and IgA suggesting they were selectively concentrated in breast fluids due to local production or transport mechanisms, or both. Ratios for specific antibodies of IgA and IgM isotypes and for total IgA and IgM isotype showed parallel data. Among the IgD antibodies, those specific for PRP and phosphorylcholine suggested a higher degree of selective concentration as compared with tetanus antigen. In the group of unimmunized women, although selective concentration of total IgD was observed, specific antibody studies were inconclusive due to the low milk IgD antibody levels encountered. The results indicate that IgD (and also IgM) may participate in local immune responses of human breast tissues and fluids; possibly influenced by the nature of the antigen, the state of immunization and the hormonal environment (pregnancy).
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PMID:Selective concentration of IgD class-specific antibodies in human milk. 235 55

To assess the immunogenicity of HIB vaccines in patients in whom hepatoportoenterostomies were performed for biliary atresia, eight such children received Haemophilus influenzae type b-polyribosylribitol phosphate (HIB-PRP) vaccine and had pre- and postvaccination total serum anti-PRP antibody concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay. Preimmunization anti-PRP antibody levels ranged from less than 0.125 to 0.40 microgram/ml [geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) 0.106 microgram/ml], while postvaccination levels ranged from 0.161 to 1.192 micrograms/ml (GMT = 0.489 microgram/ml). Five children who did not achieve postimmunization anti-PRP antibody levels greater than 1.0 microgram/ml received 15 micrograms of either PRP coupled to diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D) or PRP coupled to an outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis group B (PRP-NOMP) conjugate vaccine. Anti-PRP antibody levels 1 month after immunization with HIB conjugate vaccines ranged from 1.51 to 10.35 micrograms/ml (GMT = 3.386 micrograms/ml). Patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia and hepatoportoenterostomies who previously received the HIB-PRP vaccine should be revaccinated with PRP protein conjugate vaccines to ensure adequate protection against H. influenzae type b disease.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccines in children with hepatoportoenterostomies. 239 59

The cross-reactive material (CRM197) of diphtheria toxin is considered to be advantageous as a carrier molecule in the formulation of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. In order to more precisely understand the function of the CRM197 in the vaccine, we have begun mapping the T-cell epitopes of the protein. A peptide which represents a segment of the primary sequence of CRM197 has been identified and found to stimulate diphtheria toxoid or CRM197-primed murine T-lymphocytes. In addition, the peptide is capable of priming T-cells in vivo for a subsequent in vitro T-cell response to itself or to the intact CRM197 molecule. The ability of the peptide to replace CRM197 as a carrier molecule was examined by immunizing mice with PRP, PRP-CRM197 conjugate, or PRP covalently coupled to the peptide. Antibodies to PRP were only detected in the PRP-CRM197 or PRP-peptide immunized groups. Both conjugates elicited primary and secondary antibody responses. Thus, a synthetic peptide representing a defined T-cell epitope of CRM197 has been functionally demonstrated based on its ability to act as a carrier molecule in a PRP conjugate vaccine.
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PMID:Synthetic peptide representing a T-cell epitope of CRM197 substitutes as carrier molecule in a Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) conjugate vaccine. 248 59

At 4 and 6 months of age, 118 infants were vaccinated with either one of two Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines: 72 infants received the polysaccharide coupled to diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D group), and 46 infants received polysaccharide-derived oligosaccharides coupled to CRM197 protein, a nontoxic mutant form of diphtheria toxin (HbOC group). A third dose of the same vaccine was given to 40 children in the PRP-D group and 25 children in the HbOC group at 14 months of age. Antibodies to the H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide were measured by Farr-type radioimmunoassay in serum samples taken before each vaccination and 1 month after the second and the third doses. Adverse reactions monitored by a questionnaire were mild. After two vaccine doses, the geometric mean concentration of antibodies to H influenzae type b polysaccharide increased from 0.07 micrograms/mL in the prevaccination samples to 0.63 micrograms/mL in the PRP-D group and to 4.32 micrograms/mL in the HbOC group. In the following 7 months, the geometric mean concentrations declined to 0.38 and 1.12 micrograms/mL, respectively. The booster dose given at 14 months elicited a strong antibody response in both groups (to geometric mean concentrations of 29.7 and 58.3 micrograms/mL, respectively). Both vaccines appear to be capable of immunologic priming by immunization in infancy.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae oligosaccharide-protein and polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccination of children at 4, 6, and 14 months of age. 258 55

Fifty-seven children ages 1 month to 12 years hospitalized because of community-acquired pneumonia were compared with age-matched controls who had acute asthma without pneumonia to test the value of rapid bacterial antigen detection and clinical and radiographic criteria for diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia, defined on the basis of positive cultures of blood or pleural fluid, was diagnosed in 4 children (7%), 1 of whom also had viral pneumonia. Viral pneumonia, defined as a positive nasopharyngeal sample or positive serology, was diagnosed in 20 children (35%). Serum and concentrated urine were tested by latex agglutination (Wellcogen) for Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal antigens and by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for pneumococcal antigens. Pneumococcal antigen could not be detected in serum or urine from 3 children with culture-proved pneumococcal pneumonia, indicating poor sensitivity of the tests. In contrast apparent H. influenzae type b antigenuria was detected by latex agglutination in 4 of 40 children with pneumonia but also in 5 of 57 controls, and a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for polyribosyl ribitol (PRP) phosphate antigen showed that all 9 cases were false positives. The specificity of H. influenzae type b antigen detection was thus poor. Children with viral and bacterial pneumonia could not be distinguished by radiographic or clinical criteria (symptoms, fever) or by total or differential white blood cell counts, serum C-reactive protein or nasal or serum interferon levels. It is not possible to distinguish reliably childhood viral from bacterial pneumonia clinically or by rapid diagnostic tests.
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PMID:Problems in determining the etiology of community-acquired childhood pneumonia. 278 61

A Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol phosphate, PRP)/diphtheria toxoid (D) conjugate vaccine was given to 71 infants. The level of anti-PRP antibody believed to predict long-term protection, 1.0 microgram/ml, was reached in 50% of the infants who were vaccinated at 3, 5, and 7 months, and in 57% of the infants who received PRP-D at 7 and 9 months of age. A lower level of antibody, 0.15 micrograms/ml, which has been associated with protection at the time of assay, was reached in 92% and 87% of the two groups. Thus, the seroresponse was dependent upon both the frequency of immunisation and age of the infant. Comparison of these results with previous experience with PRP immunisation in Finland showed that PRP-D induced substantial antibody rises at an earlier age than did PRP.
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PMID:Antibody levels achieved in infants by course of Haemophilus influenzae type B polysaccharide/diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine. 286 Mar 87

Reducing oligosaccharides from the Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polymer (PRP) coupled by reductive amination to diphtheria toxoids (DTd) had been shown to elicit potentially protective serum anti-PRP antibodies (Ab) in infants too young for an adequate response to PRP vaccine. Here we report that cleavage of PRP with periodate gives antigenic oligosaccharides that couple with high efficiency. DTd-coupled saccharides of mean length eight or 20 repeat units (Dpo8 and Dpo20, respectively) were tested for immunogenicity in young adults (single injection) and in infants 9 to 15 mo old who received a sequence of primary (1 degree) and secondary (2 degrees) injections. Both vaccines consistently induced high anti-PRP Ab responses in adults. In infants, Dpo8 elicited only modest anti-PRP responses, whereas Dpo20 gave consistently high titers; post-2 degrees responses were higher when the interval between 1 degree and 2 degrees injections was 6 to 14 wk than with an interval of 2 to 4 wk. Thus with this type of immunogen, priming responses in infancy has more stringent structural requirements than does triggering responses in adults, and the priming appears to maximize more slowly than the Ab level.
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PMID:Vaccines consisting of periodate-cleaved oligosaccharides from the capsule of Haemophilus influenzae type b coupled to a protein carrier: structural and temporal requirements for priming in the human infant. 301 88

In vitro production of human antibody to the Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (PRP) and to tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphtheria toxoid was measured in culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and by enumeration of antibody secreting cells (AbSC) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-plaquing assay. Normal adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Epstein-Barr virus secreted anti-PRP antibody with a frequency of 1/552 to 1/1190 relative to total Ig secreting cells; the frequency of AbSC to tetanus toxoid (TT) was 7.5 times higher (p less than 0.05). These frequencies did not change significantly after in vivo immunization, although the isotype distribution shifted toward increased IgG for TT and increased IgG and IgA for PRP. At 8 days postimmunization, spontaneous AbSC to PRP and TT were detected; frequencies for total anti-TT AbSC again being higher than anti-PRP, but there were significantly more IgA plaques among anti-PRP AbSC. Spontaneous AbSC were suppressed in culture by pokeweed mitogen and enhanced by cyclosporine. Three wk after in vivo immunization with PRP and TT, in vitro stimulation with pokeweed mitogen, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 bacteria, or antigen induced anti-TT but not anti-PRP in vitro antibody secretion, although Epstein-Barr virus induced both. These data suggest that PRP, a polysaccharide, and TT, a protein, differ in their requirements for in vitro activation with antigen and mitogens.
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PMID:In vitro human antibody production to the Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. 304 Aug 62

Stimulated by questions raised on potential differences between the Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (PRP) vaccines on the market and the applicability of the efficacy data of a similar PRP vaccine obtained in a large field study in 1974 in Finland, we wished to compare the immunogenicity of all these preparations in 24-month-old Finnish children. In our study 137 children received the now recommended 25-micrograms dose of 1 of 4 H. influenzae type b PRP vaccines currently available, and an additional 86 children received half this dose corresponding to the 12.7 micrograms used in 1974. Anti-PRP antibodies were measured in blood samples taken before and 4 weeks after vaccination by the same radioimmunoassay and in the same laboratory as in 1974. The vaccines were equally immunogenic. Furthermore the now recommended dose of 25 micrograms did not give results (geometric mean concentrations, 2.38 to 3.45 micrograms/ml) differing from those after a 12.5-micrograms (2.01- to 3.45-micrograms/ml) dose which was used in 1974. Antibody concentrations of 0.15 and 1.0 micrograms/ml were achieved in 91 to 95 and 66 to 84% of the children, respectively. The corresponding values after 1974 vaccinations were 3.53 micrograms/ml and 100 and 82% of children, respectively. The percentage of those responding with concentrations greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml was somewhat higher in these Finnish children than reported for children of the same age receiving the same vaccine lots in the United States. Adverse reactions were mild or moderate and transient.
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PMID:Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of four Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccines in Finnish 24-month-old children. 305 Aug 53

The serum antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide or its protein conjugate vaccine (PRP and PRP-D, respectively) was studied in 28 children initially immunized at the age of 24 mo with either vaccine and in 10 children immunized for the third time with PRP-D at the age of 18 mo. The methods used were isotype-resolving enzyme immunoassay, Farr-type radioimmunoassay, and the in vitro bactericidal activity (BCA) test. Immunization with PRP evoked a higher proportion of IgA antibodies than did either the first or third dose of PRP-D, whereas the latter vaccine evoked a somewhat higher IgG response, but the differences were not statistically significant. In all groups the IgG antibody responses were predominantly IgG1, with the mean proportions being 82.2%, 84.2%, and 65.9% in the PRP, first-dose PRP-D, and third-dose PRP-D groups, respectively. Postimmunization antibodies were functionally active in the BCA test.
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PMID:Isotype distribution and bactericidal activity of antibodies after immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines at 18-24 months of age. 305 31


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