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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We performed a double-blind, randomized trial to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of four conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines given to infants 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Adverse reactions attributable to the vaccines were few and minor. The rates of systemic reactions did not differ among the various vaccines and were similar to those seen among children receiving conventional diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. However, the four conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccines differed markedly in ability to stimulate antibody production. Mean antibody levels after three injections of polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with mutant diphtheria protein (PRP-CRM) or polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) were 3.08 micrograms/ml and 3.64 micrograms/ml, respectively, significantly higher than those after the use of polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with outer-membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis (PRP-OMP) (1.14 micrograms/ml) or polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D) (0.28 microgram/ml). Only PRP-OMP produced a clinically pertinent elevation in antibody level after two injections (0.84 microgram/ml); the third injection of PRP-OMP produced a modest but statistically significant further elevation in mean antibody level (1.14 micrograms/ml). Only 29% of infants receiving PRP-D had antibody levels of 1 micrograms/ml, compared with 55%, 75%, and 83% of those receiving PRP-OMP, PRP-CRM, and PRP-T, respectively. We conclude that all four vaccines are safe and that all but PRP-D appear appropriate for use in a primary immunization series during infancy. The unique serologic response to PRP-OMP offers both advantages and disadvantages in comparison with PRP-CRM and PRP-T.
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PMID:Comparative trial in infants of four conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. 162 87

In this paper an in vitro culture system for the induction of an antibody response to the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (PRP) is described. Anti-PRP IgM and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and anti-diphtheria toxoid (DT) IgG ASC were detected in cultures of blood B and T cells derived from donors 4 to 6 wk after immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide-mutant diphtheria toxin (CRM197) conjugate (HbOC) and required in vitro restimulation with HbOC. When lymphocytes from HbOC-vaccinated donors were stimulated with PRP, anti-PRP IgM and IgG ASC could be detected in 50% offGe cases. Lymphocytes from PRP-vaccinated donors or non-vaccinated donors consistently failed to generate anti-PRP antibodies after in vitro stimulation with HbOC. Optimal in vitro responses were observed at concentrations of 0.06 to 0.6 micrograms/ml of Ag. At higher doses of Ag (6 micrograms/ml) anti-PRP and anti-DT antibody responses were suppressed. The in vitro generation of anti-PRP and anti-DT ASC, as detected by a spot-forming cell assay was shown to be T cell dependent, Ag dependent, and Ag specific. This culture system provides a model for the study of human B cell activation and immunoregulation by polysaccharide-protein conjugates and polysaccharides.
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PMID:In vitro induction of a Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-specific antibody response in human peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals recently vaccinated with an oligosaccharide-protein conjugate. 175 96

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections carry high morbidity and mortality, primarily due to meningitis among infants less than 1 year of age. Two new vaccines, HbOC and PRP-OMP, have been developed and licensed to prevent invasive Hib infections in infants and young children. New recommendations advise clinicians to begin immunization for Hib at 2 months of age and to complete the designated series. This article details the new Hib immunization schedule for all pediatric clients between 2 months and 5 years. Additionally, public-health measures toward the prevention of serious pediatric morbidity and mortality are covered.
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PMID:New protection against Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in infants and young children. 176 98

Immunization with Haemophilus vaccine is undertaken to prevent invasive infections due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. Purulent meningitis is the most frequent chiefly in less than 2 years infants. Vaccine is composed of purified PRP which is poorly immunogenic and protective before two years. Actual vaccines are conjugate with protein which give them a protective and immunogenic power in very long young infants. They must be included in the schedule of infants immunizations, and fitting to other immunizations (DTP-Polio) is the best. The frequency of H. influenzae meningitis is high in tropics and those vaccines should be very useful. Cost of vaccine and inclusion in EPI are yet discussed for infants in tropical areas.
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PMID:[Haemophilus vaccines. Their importance in tropical pediatrics]. 181 37

The importance of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) as the leading cause of bacteraemic infections in children was recognized in the early 1970s in Finland. An efficacy trial with the capsular polysaccharide vaccine demonstrated the efficacy of this first generation vaccine, but only from ages 18-24 months onwards. For this reason, since 1983 new polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines (PRP-D, HbOC, and PRP-T) have been extensively tested. These studies have shown that conjugate vaccines are immunogenic in early infancy and are capable of generating a lasting immunological memory. A second Hib vaccine efficacy trial in 1986-1987 showed that the conjugate vaccine (PRP-D) was 90% efficacious after the primary immunization series at 3, 4 and 6 months. After a booster dose at 14-18 months, no failure cases have occurred during the follow-up period. The same level of protection seems to be true also in a subsequent trial, where two Hib conjugate vaccines (PRP-D or HbOC) were given at 4, 6 and 14-18 months. These vaccinations have led to a significant decline in the number of invasive Hib infections in young children.
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PMID:Experience in Finland with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. 189 51

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines dramatically improve the immunogenicity against the capsular polysaccharide (PRP) of Hib. A new Hib conjugate, PedvaxHIB, is shown to be immunogenic in infant rhesus monkeys. The monkey model appears to correlate well with the immunogenicity of PedvaxHIB in human clinical studies. Not all commercial Hib conjugates are immunogenic in the monkey model. The data from the priming study indicate that HibTITER is not immunogenic in an immune system naive to diphtheria toxoid, such as the infant rhesus monkey. The role of diphtheria toxoid in the immunogenicity of HibTITER in human infants should be studied.
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PMID:Biological activity of Hib conjugates. 189 53

There are only minor differences in the immunogenicity of the three Haemophilus b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines licensed in the US when tested in children 17 to 19 months of age. In contrast, there are much greater differences in immunogenicity in 2-month-old infants. At this age, a single dose of PRP-OMPC evokes a strong primary antibody response, whereas repeated doses of HbOC or PRP-D are required to evoke an antibody response. These differences in immunogenicity are noteworthy, but they are not necessarily correlated with differences in the ability of different conjugate vaccines to confer protection against disease. Vaccination with all three of the conjugate vaccines primes infants for the ability to make a booster antibody response to reimmunization with unconjugated PRP vaccine and, possibly, to exposure to the encapsulated bacteria. Although unproven, this priming may be sufficient to confer protection against disease even in the absence of a 'protective' level of serum antibody.
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PMID:Comparative immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. 189 54

These recommendations include information on use of two vaccines recently licensed for use with infants: Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Diphtheria CRM197 Protein Conjugate) (HbOC), manufactured by Praxis Biologics, Inc., and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate) (PRP-OMP), manufactured by Merck Sharp and Dohme, newly licensed for use with infants. This statement also updates recommendations for use of these and other Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines with older children and adults.
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PMID:Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and older. Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (ACIP). 189 80

As new vaccines are developed there is increasing interest in reducing the number of injections given to children by combining vaccines in one syringe. We studied the safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) administered at ages 2, 4 and 6 months mixed in the same syringe with DTP vaccine and its effects on the seroresponse to DTP vaccine. A group of 112 healthy 2-month-old infants received DTP-PRP-T or DTP-placebo mixed immediately before immunization in the same syringe. The addition of PRP-T to DTP did not increase the rate of local or systemic reactions. After the first, second and third dose, the PRP-T recipients showed a geometric anti-PRP antibody mean of 0.13, 2.31 and 6.40 micrograms/ml vs. 0.07, 0.05 and 0.05 micrograms/ml among the DTP-placebo recipients, respectively. Of the PRP-T recipients, 94 and 98% attained antibody concentration of greater than or equal to 0.15 micrograms/ml protein after the second and third dose, respectively, and 65 and 94% attained a concentration of greater than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml after the second and third dose, respectively. At the age of 1 year 94 and 52% of the DTP-PRP-T recipients vs. 12% and 0% of the placebo recipients still maintained titers of greater than or equal to 0.15 and greater than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. The administration of DTP in the same syringe with PRP-T did not affect significantly the antibody response to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and to pertussis agglutinins. It is concluded that PRP-T vaccine could be administered in the same syringe as DTP.
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus type b-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine, mixed in the same syringe with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in young infants. 194 78

The safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b consisting of purified polyribosylribitolphosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) was evaluated in 278 Chilean infants who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group A, PRP-T mixed with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis (DTP) vaccine in a single syringe and given as a single inoculation in one arm and placebo in the other arm; Group B, PRP-T given in one arm and DTP in the other arm; Group C, DTP given in one arm and placebo in the other. Infants were immunized at 2, 4 and 6 months of age and examined daily for 4 days after each immunization; serum PRP antibodies were measured at baseline and 2 months after each dose. The only adverse systemic reaction attributable to PRP-T beyond that caused by DTP alone was a 7 to 20% increase in febrile responses in the first 24 hours after the first and second doses of vaccine; the fevers were largely low grade and not accompanied by increased irritability, diminished activity or loss of appetite, compared with the group who received DTP without PRP-T. After the first dose 72% of infants who received PRP-T combined with DTP and 67% who received it in a separate arm attained antibody concentrations greater than or equal to 0.15 micrograms/ml. After two doses of PRP-T, 93 and 95%, respectively, had concentrations greater than or equal to 0.15 microgram/ml and after three doses 100% of infants who received PRP-T had such titers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The clinical and immunologic response of Chilean infants to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine coadministered in the same syringe with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis vaccine at two, four and six months of age. 194 79


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