Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

131 patients suffering from meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or parainfluenzae were re-examined after 1-15 years, using hospital records, questionnaires, and audiological examination, especially to compare chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy. Mortality was 3.8%. Subdural effusions occurred in 14.5% of cases uni- or bilaterally. There was deafness in 2.3%, and moderate hearing loss in 8.4%. Convulsions appeared later in 6.9%. The final outcome was good in 60%. The most important factors in prognosis seemed to be the severity of the symptoms and the condition of the patient on admission to hospital. No clear difference was seen between the results of chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy, but total loss of vestibular function was found in 3 cases in the ampicillin group, and in none in the chloramphenicol group. In mortality and deafness, the differences in outcome were similar, although not statistically significant. As these observations show, the therapy used in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis needs re-evaluation.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A comparison between chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy with special reference to impaired hearing. 34 83

In a review of CT scans of 6,078 patients, 47 patients with well documented leptomeningeal infections were identified; 45 were infants or children. Most of the infections were bacterial; 53% were due to Haemophilus influenzae. The 47 patients were divided into two groups according to whether the initial scan was obtained during the acute illness (group A) or after initial treatment had been completed (group B). The 30 patients in the acute group A had 24 complications: 18 with areas of diminished attenuation in the brain parenchyma and six with dilated ventricles. Eleven patients had initially normal scans, but three of these subsequently developed complications. In group B, the 17 patients had 28 complications: nine with enlarged ventricles; eight with subdural effusion; seven with areas of diminished attenuation; and four with abscess formation. An unusually high percentage (40%) of the patients with areas of diminished attenuation had involvement of the anterior poles of the frontal lobes. Of the patients who showed this predilection for the frontal lobes, 72% had Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. CT was found to be useful in early detection of complications of leptomeningeal infections, as well as in evaluation of the extent of the lesions.
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PMID:Computed tomography in leptomeningeal infections. 41 60

The prognosis and sequelae of patients with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis were related to concentrations of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Rapid bacterial killing and rapid reduction of organisms in vivo in CSF are critical to the outcome. In our patients colony counts of Haemophilus influenzae in CSF were 10(2)/ml - 10(9)/ml (mean 10(5)/ml). Killing kinetics were determined for amoxicillin and cefotaxime, alone and in combination with amikacin, against 35 clinical strains of Haemophilus influenzae (43% beta-lactamase-positive) at concentrations of these antibiotics comparable to those attained in the CSF following systemic administration. Antibiotics concentrations were: amoxicillin: 5 mg/ml, cefotaxime: 3.8 mg/l, amikacin: 1.8 mg/l. Mean killing curves with beta-lactamase-negative strains showed that a bactericidal effect was observed at 18 h for amoxicillin, at 5 h for cefotaxime, at 5 h for amoxicillin plus amikacin and at 2 h 30 for cefotaxime plus amikacin. Against beta-lactamase-positive strains a bactericidal effect was observed at 5 h for cefotaxime, at 2 h 30 for cefotaxime plus amikacin and at 18 h for amoxicillin plus amikacin. The finding of significantly increased killing rates of Haemophilus influenzae by amikacin at low concentration in the presence of either ampicillin or cefotaxime suggests that combined therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the bactericidal curves of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside combinations at the concentrations obtained in the cerebrospinal fluid in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis]. 296 3

A survey was performed in Denmark and Greenland in order to determine whether the current recommendation of ampicillin (400 mg/kg/day) for initial treatment of purulent meningitis is appropriate. Data obtained 1981-1987 in an ongoing nationwide programme for surveillance of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus species was analysed, and patient records of 21 cases of meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains (17 in Denmark, 4 in Greenland) reported in the period 1981-1987 were reviewed. In Denmark the overall rate of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae was estimated to be approximately 2% for the study period, and the average rate of resistant isolates from spinal fluid was 5.2% (range 0-12.3%). The incidence of meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains remained low in the Danish population (around 0.05/100,000/year) except for a peak in 1985. The overall mortality rate of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis for the study period was 2.4%, which was the same as before 1980. In Greenland the actual number of cases of meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae was small, but the incidence was at least 40 to 80 times higher than in Denmark with a high mortality rate (50%). These observations prompted revision of the antibiotic regimen in Greenland, whereas the regimen was considered appropriate in Denmark.
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PMID:Antibiotic therapy of meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in Denmark and Greenland 1981 to 1987. 314 74

We report the case of a 3-month-old boy suffering from an acute bacterial meningitis due to a multi-resistant strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Also presented is our current strategy of treatment and chemoprophylaxis of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in children.
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PMID:Fatal meningitis due to multi-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b. 387 37

Cefotaxime has a good meningeal diffusion and is effective at low concentrations on many bacteria, especially ampicillin resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Hemophilus influenzae. We have therefore used cefotaxime (150 mg/kg/24 h, continuous infusions lasting 30 minutes q. 6 h.) in meningitis due to gram negative bacilli. Twenty eight infants and children have been treated within 4 years. The 13 Hemophilus influenzae meningitis (including 2 beta-lactamase producers) have been cured without immediate sequelae. The duration of treatment could be reduced from 3 weeks to 2 weeks. The 7 infants with Enterobacteria meningitis (6 E. coli and 1 Serratia) have been cured of their infection with a 21 to 28 days treatment. The C.S.F. was sterile 2-3 days after treatment except a case of E. coli persisting during 7 days in C.S.F. contrasting with a normal ventricular fluid. A case of relapse with E. coli remaining sensitive was cured with a new course of the same treatment. Five meningitis complicated with hydrocephalus needed external drainage: the fluid was sterile 1 day after treatment in 4 of them. Two superinfections of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt due to Enterobacteriaceae have been cured. To obtain a good result, the need for a careful drug monitoring must be emphasized.
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PMID:[Treatment of purulent meningitis in the child using Cefotaxime]. 390 93

A new semisynthetic 1-oxa-beta-lactam derivative, 6059-S, was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in children. Twenty-five patients were treated with 10 to 274 mg/kg per day of 6059-S by intravenous administrations. The diagnosis of the patients were acute pharyngitis (2), acute bronchitis (2), pneumonia (4), pertussis (4), acute enterocolitis (2), recurrent urinary tract infection (2), suspected septicemia (3), and acute purulent meningitis (1); and the remaining 5 patients were considered to have nonbacterial infections. The pathogens recovered were Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Haemophilus influenzae (4), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1), Enterobacter cloacae (1), Enterobacter aerogenes (1), Proteus morganii (1), Psuedomonas aeruginosa (2) and Salmonella typhimurium (1). All the patients of bacterial infections were cured after the 6059-S therapy. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium were not eradicated after the 6059-S therapy, and the rate of bacterial disappearance was 75%. Diarrhea (3), precordial pain (2, only in cases with high-dose therapy), transient elevation of GOT and GPT (2), and transient eosinophilia (2) were found to be associated with the 6059-S therapy. However, no severe adverse reactions were encountered. Half life of the serum 6059-S level was 1.34 +/- 0.16 hours. CSF concentrations in a case with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis ranged 4.0 to 9.7 mcg/ml after an intravenous injection of 34.3 to 75 mg/kg of 6059-S. From the present study, 6059-S appears to be a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections. It remains to be further determined whether 6059-S is superior to ABPC in the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of 6059-S therapy in children (author's transl)]. 645 68

Siblings of patients with type b Haemophilus influenzae meningitis are at increased risk of developing Haemophilus disease. We immunized 26 healthy siblings and 25 control subjects using a vaccine containing the type b polysaccharide capsule (10 micrograms PRP) and pertussis vaccine (4 opacity units) (Lederle Laboratories) to determine whether siblings of patients with Haemophilus meningitis had an impaired antibody response to PRP. Using two intramuscular injections one month apart, we found that the siblings had a lower response to PRP. One month after the second injection, 12 of 24 of the siblings had serum concentrations of anticapsular (PRP) antibody thought to be sufficient to confer protection against Haemophilus disease (greater than or equal to 300 ng/ml), compared with 19 of 24 of the control children tested (50% vs 79%, P = 0.035 by chi-square analysis). In comparison with the normal controls, the siblings produced significantly less IgG anti-PRP antibody but similar amounts of IgM. The impaired responsiveness to PRP was most evident among the 16 children born after their sibling had meningitis and who were not known to have been exposed to type b Haemophilus infection previously. These data indicate that siblings of some patients with type b Haemophilus meningitis have reduced ability to form IgG anti-PRP antibody, which may be associated with increased susceptibility to Haemophilus disease.
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PMID:Siblings of patients with Haemophilus meningitis have impaired anticapsular antibody responses to Haemophilus vaccine. 660 4

Three cases of pyogenic Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in adults have been diagnosed within the Brisbane Metropolitan area in the last twelve months. This had been considered a very unusual cause of meningitis in adults which has not previously been recorded in the Australian literature, and should alert clinicians to a possible alteration in the age specificity of this disease. Two of the three isolates proved resistant to ampicillin; this emphasizes the need to exclude beta lactamase production in all Haemophilus isolates from critical infections. All three patients recovered without significant sequelae but the choice of primary antimicrobial in adult meningitis remains open to question.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in adults. 697 98

To assess septic meningitis in pediatric units in terms of the bacteriologic distribution, mortality, and groups at risk, we conducted a retrospective study in the pediatric department of the Kigali Hospital Center (Rwanda). Based on bacteriologic study of 1215 cerebrospinal fluid samples, there were 321 cases of septic meningitis due to identifiable germs and 68 involving cloudy fluid with no detectable germs, i.e. 1.5% of admissions to the Pediatric Unit of the Kigali Hospital Center. The most common organisms were pneumococcus (36.5%), Haemophilus influenzae (31%), salmonella (13%), and meningococcus (11.5%). Most of the children (75%) presenting septic meningitis were under the age of 5 years. Overall mortality was 38% with rates of 52% and 39% for cases involving pneumococcus and salmonella respectively. The predominant clinical symptoms of pneumococcus meningitis were coma (p:0.000055) and respiratory compromise (p:0.02). In contrast Haemophilus influenzae meningitis was associated with a lower incidence of coma (p:0.05) and malnutrition (p:0.017). Salmonella meningitis was characterized by a higher incidence of fever over 38.9 degrees C (p:0.025) and malnutrition (p:0.01). In patients with meningococcus meningitis, the incidence of convulsions appeared to be higher, at the threshold of statistical significance (p:0.052), whereas coma (p:0062) and respiratory distress (p:0.0024) were uncommon. Independently of etiology, no clinical symptom was associated with a statistically higher risk for death.
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PMID:[Septic meningitis in children in Rwanda from 1983 to 1990. Retrospective study at the Kigali Hospital Center]. 763 8


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