Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Varying doses of spiramycin were administered orally to healthy volunteers, and concentrations in serum and saliva were determined. The absorption of the drug was not significantly influenced by concomitant food intake. Saliva peak concentrations were 1.3--4.8 times higher than peak concentrations in serum. The elimination half life was 2--3 h in serum, and 4--8 h in saliva. Accumulation of the drug was seen in saliva but not in serum. The possible effect of spiramycin in eliminating bacteria from the nasopharynx was evaluated in vitro by comparing the spiramycin saliva concentrations with the MICs of bacteria known to establish themselves in the nasopharynx. At a concentration of 1.2 microgram/ml, spiramycin inhibited all investigated strains of group A streptococci, pneumococci and Branhamella catarrhalis, and at 2.4 microgram/ml all investigated gonococci. Concentrations of 19 and 38 microgram/ml, respectively, were required to inhibit all meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Following administration of 1.5 g spiramycin as a single daily dose for 3 days, the mean concentration in saliva reached or surpassed the MIC values of streptococci, pneumococci and Branhamella for 45 h, and of gonococci for 25 h. The possible use of spiramycin for prevention of relapses in acute otitis media and in treatment of serous otitis media is discussed, as well as the possible use of the drug in gonococcal and meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage.
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PMID:Evaluation of spiramycin as a therapeutic agent for elimination of nasopharyngeal pathogens. Possible use of spiramycin for middle ear infections and for gonococcal and meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage. 9 75

Bacteria were isolated from a high percentage of the effusions from patients with otitis media with effusion (OME, serous otitis media). In an attempt to determine if the isolated bacteria were involved in the disease process, we analyzed the serum and effusion of 25 OME patients for the presence of antibacterial antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody method. Specific antibody activity was detected in 20 of 25 effusions (80%) and 19 of 22 sera (86%). IgG antibodies were the most frequently found class of antibodies in both sera and effusions, but IgA antibodies were detected more frequently in the effusions than in the sera. Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and diphtheroids were the most frequently isolated organisms, and antibody activity to all bacterial species isolated was detected. The results support the concept that the isolated bacteria are not contaminants but are actively involved in the disease process.
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PMID:Antibody activity in otitis media with effusion. 38 Apr 43

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was applied to the round window membrane of the chinchilla in concentrations ranging from 1 microgram/ml to 1 mg/ml. Haemophilus influenzae type b endotoxin (45,000 endotoxin units/ml) was applied in the same way. Five animals were also subjected to blocking of the Eustachian tube, 3 to 8 months earlier, resulting in serous otitis media and exotoxin A (1 mg/ml) was applied into the round window niche of these animals. Effects on the inner ear was recorded with quantitative morphology (hair cell counting) and electrophysiologically (action potential threshold measurements) 4 weeks after application of exotoxin A. Concentrations of exotoxin A in perilymph was measured with ELISA and concentration of endotoxin in perilymph was measured with Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate and Quantitative Chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate. Four weeks after application of exotoxin A at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml severe inner ear damage could be demonstrated. No inner ear damage was demonstrated when lower concentrations were used. Passage into the inner ear could only be demonstrated after exposure of the round window membrane to an exotoxin A concentration of 1 mg/ml. Round window membranes affected by chronic inflammation were shown to be less permeable to exotoxin A, thus indicating that thickening of the round window membrane may have a protective effect on the inner ear. A low passage rate into the inner ear was demonstrated after endotoxin exposure. It may be concluded that small amounts of exotoxin A passing through the round window membrane may cause inner ear damage. The passage rates, however, for both exotoxin A and endotoxins are low.
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PMID:Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and Haemophilus influenzae type b endotoxin. Effect on the inner ear and passage through the round window membrane of the chinchilla. 163 25

A bacteriological study of the middle-ear effusions and the ear canals in children with chronic serous otitis media (S.O.M.) was performed. Sixty-eight children (127 ears) were investigated. From this study it appeared that cleansing of the ear canal with 0.5% chlorhexidine in 70% ethanol for 30 s is partially effective; micro-organisms (diptheroids, Staphylococcus epidermidis) could still be isolated in 29%. Cleansing of the ear canal decreases the incidence of middle-ear fluid contamination by non-pathogenic ear canal organisms (diptheroids, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus), but after cleansing, 'non-pathogenic' micro-organisms could still be isolated in 33% of the effusions (diptheroids, Staphylococcus epidermidis). From 12% of the middle-ear effusions pathogenic micro-organisms (Hemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus pneumoniae) were isolated; cleansing of the ear canal did not influence this percentage. Anaerobics were not isolated from the middle-ear effusions.
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PMID:Serous otitis media (S.O.M.). A bacteriological study of the ear canal and the middle ear. 234 Dec 38

A biotype analysis was performed on serologically nontypable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the middle ear effusions and nasopharynges of 33 children with chronic otitis media with effusion (serous otitis media). Over 50% of the H. influenzae isolates from the middle ears belonged to biotype II. The incidence of beta-lactamase production was 17%. The results of this study indicate that future clinical or experimental investigations of chronic otitis media with effusion induced by serologically nontypable H. influenzae should focus on this clinically important biotype.
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PMID:Biotypes of serologically nontypable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from the middle ears and nasopharynges of patients with otitis media with effusion. 633 50

Penetration into the middle ear of four antibiotics commonly used in treatment of otitis media was studied by administering a single oral dose of amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to 83 children with chronic serous otitis media. The antibiotic was given 15-240 min before the removal of middle ear fluid (MEF) by ventilation tubes inserted through the tympanic membrane. At the time MEF was obtained, a sample of blood was drawn from the patient, and concentrations of antibiotic in both specimens were assayed either microbiologically by a disk diffusion method or by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Amoxicillin had the highest ratio of mean peak concentration in MEF to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the three most common pathogens of otitis media (Streptococcus pneumoniae, ampicillin-sensitive Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes), whereas trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had the highest ratio of mean peak concentration in MEF to MIC for ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae.
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PMID:Penetration of amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole into the middle ear fluid of patients with chronic serous otitis media. 720 Sep 99

Otitis media is a complex and multifactorial condition with four defined stages: myringitis, acute otitis media, secretory (serous) otitis media and chronic otitis media. Drugs utilized in its treatment are antihistamines, decongestants, mucolytic agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, vaccine therapy and antibiotics. The rationale for using antibiotics is that inflammation has been associated with the presence of virulent bacteria in all types of otitis media. In acute otitis media the major organisms, present are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic otitis media these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobic bacteria are all prevalent. The microbiological flora of the middle ear in secretory otitis media is almost identical with that in acute otitis media. Empirical therapy can be given in most instances of acute and serous otitis media. However, in cases of failure, in the immunocompromised and in instances of chronic otitis media, establishing the individual microbiology of the inflamed middle ear is very helpful. The growing resistance of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis to amoxycillin, due to beta-lactamase production, increases the risk of treatment failure of acute and serous otitis media. By adding a beta-lactamase inhibitor (clavulanic acid) to amoxycillin, or using second-generation cephalosporins, clearance can be achieved. Management of chronic otitis media requires surgical correction, drainage and coverage of anaerobic bacteria with agents such as amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid, or clindamycin plus antimicrobials against other pathogens such as Pseudomonas spp. where present.
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PMID:Microbiology and management of otitis media. 804 54

The purpose of this study was to correlate the microbiology of serous otitis media in children with the duration of the condition and the patient's age. Aspirates of serous ear fluids from 114 children were examined for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial growth was noted in 47 patients (41%). Aerobic organisms only were recovered in 27 aspirates (57% of the culture-positive aspirates); anaerobic bacteria only in 7 (15%); and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 13 (28%). A total of 83 bacterial isolates were recovered, accounting for 1.8 isolates per specimen (1.2 aerobes and 0.6 anaerobe). There were a total of 57 aerobic isolates, including Haemophilus influenzae (15 isolates), Streptococcus pneumoniae (13), and Staphylococcus sp (12). Twenty-six anaerobes were recovered, including anaerobic gram-positive cocci (10), Prevotella spp (8), and Propionibacterium acnes (4). The rate of positive cultures (20 of 36; 56%) was higher in patients younger than 2 years of age than in those older than 2 years of age (27 of 78; 35%). Streptococcus pneumoniae and H influenzae were more often isolated in children younger than 2 years of age and those with effusion for 3 to 5 months, whereas anaerobes were recovered more often in those older than 2 years of age and those with effusion for 6 to 13 months. These data illustrate the effects of the length of effusion and age on the recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in serous otitis media.
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PMID:Microbiology of serous otitis media in children: correlation with age and length of effusion. 1120 16