Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The middle ear effusion (MEE) total white cell count (TWCC) was correlated with clinical and bacteriologic data in 184 MEEs from 125 patients diagnosed as having acute primary and recurrent otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion. The MEE total white cell count was classified as high, low, or acellular. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominate in the MEE having a high TWCC. The overall incidence of culture-positive MEE was 62.5 percent. A cellular component was found in 81 percent of the MEEs, 63 percent having a neutrophilic-predominant high TWCC. In very young children (up to 2 years old) a neutrophilic-predominant high TWCC was found in 80 percent of MEEs as compared with 28 percent in patients over 5 years old. According to the MEE type, neutrophilic-predominant high TWCCs were found in 89 percent of the purulent effusions, 46 percent of the mucoid, and 35 percent of the serous effusions. The incidence of neutrophilic-predominant high TWCC was 78 percent in acute primary 76 percent in recurrent otitis media and 18 percent in chronic otitis media with effusion. The impact of age on the MEE cellularity was shown to be independent of the chronicity of the disease. The incidence of neutrophilic-predominant high TWCC in MEE in which Streptococcus Pneumoniae or Hemophilus influenzae was identified was 85 percent and 92 percent respectively. The diagnostic value of a high TWCC in predicting a culture-positive MEE was shown by a sensitivity of 83 percent, false positivity of 25 percent, and false negativity of 27.5 percent.
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PMID:Otitis media: the middle ear effusion total white cell count. 654 Sep 96

Endotoxin concentrations were determined in middle-ear effusions (MEEs) from 89 children with chronic otitis media by using the Limulu's amoebocyte lysate assay. Mean concentrations of endotoxin in Haemophilus influenzae-positive and Streptococcus pneumoniae-positive MEEs were 157 and 21.8 ng/ml, respectively, and were significantly different (P less than 0.01). Endotoxin was also found in Gram stain-positive, culture-negative and Gram stain-negative, culture-negative MEEs, but the levels were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05). However, the endotoxin concentrations in both groups of culture-negative MEEs significantly lower than those found in MEEs that grew either H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae (P less than 0.05). These results show that endotoxin is present in a high percentage of human MEEs, including those that are culture negative, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion.
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PMID:Endotoxin in middle-ear effusions from patients with chronic otitis media with effusion. 661 50

Aspiration of the exudate through the open perforation was performed in 68 children with chronic otitis media. The middle ear aspirate and a swab specimen of the external auditory canal were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Seventy-eight isolates were recovered from the middle ears, 99 from the external ear canals, and 95 were present at both sites. Aerobes only were isolated from 33 patients (48.5%), nine (13.2%) had only anaerobes, and 26 (38%) had a culture that grew both aerobes and anaerobes. There were 99 aerobic isolates. Aerobes commonly recovered were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. There were 74 anaerobes isolated. Anaerobes commonly isolated were anerobic Gram-positive cocci, Bacteroides sp, and Clostridium sp. These findings demonstrate the polymicrobial bacteriology of chronic otitis media in children. Cultures collected from the external auditory canals prior to their sterilization can be misleading. Reliable information can be obtained from the ear exudates when collected through the open perforation in the tympanic membrane.
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PMID:Chronic otitis media in children. Microbiological studies. 738 27

Ear swabs from 350 patients with chronic otitis media attending different orthorhinolaryngological clinics at different hospitals and health centres in Benin City and Ekpoma in Edo State were screened for the presence of bacterial agents of chronic otitis media. Results revealed the presence of 19 different species indicating polymicrobial infections. Species isolated comprised Staphylococcus aureus (33.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.3%), Proteus mirabilis (17%), Alcaligenes faecalis (6.2%) and Klebsiella aerogenes (4.3%). Others included Escherichia coli (3.3%), Proteus rettgeri (2.8%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter spp, Proteus morgani, Haemophilus influenzae, Providencia spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus faecalis, non-haemolytic streptococci and Diphotheroids, each accounted for less than 2% of isolates. The study also showed a higher prevalence of chronic otitis media among males (55.7%) than females (44.3%). Cases of chronic otitis media were highest among the age groups (0-5 years) with a prevalence rate of 50% and least among the 6-10 year age group with a prevalence rate of 14.9%. Antibiogram of isolates revealed marked sensitivities (over 90% of the isolates) to ciproxin, tarivid, rocephin and fortum whereas over 70% were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. Results have indicated that Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis are leading bacterial agents of otitis media and highlights the high risk involved in the use of penicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, cloxacillin and septrin in the management of chronic otitis media in our locality.
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PMID:Bacterial agents causing chronic suppurative otitis media. 749 6

Otitis media (OM) is a common childhood disease and one that can cause significant morbidity. A knowledge of the pathogens responsible for OM can assist in the selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen and can minimize complications that may require surgery. The microbiology of acute, serous, and chronic OM is reviewed. The major organisms recovered from about three quarters of acute OM and half of serous OM cultures are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Streptococcus pyogenes, anaerobic cocci, and viruses can each be isolated in less than 5% of the patients with acute OM. The predominant organisms isolated from chronic OM are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anaerobic bacteria. The predominant anaerobes are gram-positive cocci, pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas sp, Bacteroides sp, and Fusobacterium sp. Many of the aerobic and anaerobic organisms causing OM can produce beta-lactamase, rendering them resistant to many of the penicillins. The appropriate surgical and medical therapies for acute, serous, and chronic otitis media are discussed.
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PMID:Otitis media: microbiology and management. 799 27

Otitis media is a complex and multifactorial condition with four defined stages: myringitis, acute otitis media, secretory (serous) otitis media and chronic otitis media. Drugs utilized in its treatment are antihistamines, decongestants, mucolytic agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, vaccine therapy and antibiotics. The rationale for using antibiotics is that inflammation has been associated with the presence of virulent bacteria in all types of otitis media. In acute otitis media the major organisms, present are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic otitis media these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobic bacteria are all prevalent. The microbiological flora of the middle ear in secretory otitis media is almost identical with that in acute otitis media. Empirical therapy can be given in most instances of acute and serous otitis media. However, in cases of failure, in the immunocompromised and in instances of chronic otitis media, establishing the individual microbiology of the inflamed middle ear is very helpful. The growing resistance of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis to amoxycillin, due to beta-lactamase production, increases the risk of treatment failure of acute and serous otitis media. By adding a beta-lactamase inhibitor (clavulanic acid) to amoxycillin, or using second-generation cephalosporins, clearance can be achieved. Management of chronic otitis media requires surgical correction, drainage and coverage of anaerobic bacteria with agents such as amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid, or clindamycin plus antimicrobials against other pathogens such as Pseudomonas spp. where present.
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PMID:Microbiology and management of otitis media. 804 54

Adenoidectomy is frequently performed in children suffering from recurrent or chronic otitis media with effusion and is thought to produce a long-term effect in preventing further episodes of otitis media. Bacteriologic analysis of adenoids from 60 patients revealed a significantly elevated colonization rate of middle ear pathogens in children with a present or previous history of ear disease compared to children with adenoidal hypertrophy only. The predominant pathogen was nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Quantitative analysis did not demonstrate a bacterial overload in the otitis group. Lectin histochemical analysis of the adenoids revealed no significant differences between the three groups; nevertheless, colonization with S pneumoniae demonstrated an increased labeling pattern with succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, indicating the exposure of N-acetyl-glucosamine as part of its own receptor structure. On the basis of these results, we support the concept of adenoidectomy in order to remove a bacterial focus; however, we could not verify the hypothesis of bacterial overgrowth in the nasopharynx.
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PMID:Role of adenoids in the pathogenesis of otitis media: a bacteriologic and immunohistochemical analysis. 927 Apr 22

A multiplex PCR procedure was developed for the simultaneous detection of Alloiococcus otitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in middle ear effusions (MEEs) from patients with chronic otitis media with effusion. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was chosen as the target, and the procedure used one common lower primer and four species-specific upper primers. The reaction was optimized by changing the primer concentrations to yield equal amounts of amplification products. The specificity of the reaction was verified with various bacterial species found in the nasopharynx. The performance of the procedure was examined with 25 MEE specimens, and the results were compared to those obtained by conventional culture methods. A detection level of 10 bacterial cells/reaction for each of the study organisms was achieved. By conventional culture methods, 8 (32%) of the specimens showed growth of one of the study organisms. In contrast, 21 (84%) of the specimens tested positive by the multiplex PCR. None of the culture-positive specimens were PCR negative, whereas three (12%) of the PCR-positive specimens tested positive for two of the four study organisms. Thus, the multiplex PCR method improves the detection rate significantly compared to that of the conventional culture method.
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PMID:Use of multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of four bacterial species in middle ear effusions. 935 Jul 46

There is convincing evidence that breast-feeding is protective against gastro-enteritis and diarrhoea, but for other infections the situation is less clear cut. There is evidence that breast-fed infants are at increased risk of one infection (infant botulism). They are probably not significantly protected from upper respiratory tract infections (other than otitis media.), but they may be at a decreased risk of lower respiratory tract infections, particularly those associated with respiratory syncytial virus. There is strong evidence that Haemophilus influenzae B infection is more likely in the bottle-fed infant, and consistent evidence of protection of young children from chronic otitis media with prolonged breast-feeding.
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PMID:Does breast feeding protect against non-gastric infections? 936 20

The presence of endotoxin (detected by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay) was compared to the presence of viable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis (detected by PCR) in 106 middle-ear effusions from pediatric patients with chronic otitis media. Endotoxin was found in 81 of the 106 specimens. Of these 81 specimens, 66 (81.5%) also tested positive for one or both of the gram-negative bacteria H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. The data suggest that viable gram-negative bacteria, detectable by PCR but often undetectable by culture, may be the source of endotoxin in middle-ear effusions.
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PMID:Correlation between presence of viable bacteria and presence of endotoxin in middle-ear effusions. 977 11


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