Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacteroides sp. (Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides oralis, and Bacteroides fragilis), peptostreptococci and fusobacterium sp. are important pathogens in respiratory tract infections (RTI). These organisms are often recovered mixed with other aerobic, facultative and anaerobic bacteria. A recent increase in numbers of bet-lactamase producing strains of anaerobic gram-negative bacteria in RTI has been associated with increased failure rates of penicillins in eradication of these infections. These infections include chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis and mastoiditis, chronic recurrent tonsillitis and lung abscesses. The indirect pathogenicity of these organisms is apparent through their ability not only to survive penicillin therapy but also to protect penicillin susceptible pathogens from that drug. These direct and indirect virulence characteristics of anaerobic bacteria require the administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy directed against all pathogens in mixed infections.
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PMID:The role of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in respiratory tract infections. 307 71

We have summarized our experience in recovery of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) in head and neck infection (HNI). These HNI include conjunctivitis, serous and chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, chronic mastoiditis, chronic sinusitis, adenoiditis, recurrent tonsillitis in children and adults, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess. Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were found in 262 (51%) of 513 patients with HNI; 72% had aerobic BLPB and 57% had anaerobic BLPB. The infections, where these organisms were most frequently recovered, were adenoiditis (85% of patients), tonsillitis in adults (82%) and children (74%), retropharyngeal abscess (71%), and chronic otitis media (57%). The predominant BLPB were Staphylococcus aureus (49% of patients with BLPB), the Bacteroides-melaninogenicus group (28%), the Bacteroides fragilis group (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Hemophilus influenzae (5%), and Branhamella catarrhalis (3%). The high incidence of recovery of BLPB in head and neck infections may have important implications on the antimicrobial management of these infections.
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PMID:Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in head and neck infection. 325 96

After ascertaining the bacterial spectrum in 210 patients with Otitis media acuta, Otitis media chronica mesotympanalis and Otitis media chronica epitympanalis, the clinical efficacy of oral therapy with ofloxacin in 40 patients from each of these groups was assessed. The clinical results are comparable with those following conventional local, oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The microbiological analysis of the ear secretions revealed Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae to be the main infectious agents of acute otitis media, whereas in chronic otitis media Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus sp. could be detected in most of the cases. Ofloxacin levels of ear secretions, mucosa specimens of the middle ear and serum were measured in some patients by means of HPLC. In most cases, drug levels exceeded the MICs for the bacteria mentioned above. The correlation with the clinical results is discussed. On the basis of these preliminary results, ofloxacin can be considered as a highly efficient oral substance which is effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, two important pathogens of middle ear infections.
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PMID:Ofloxacin in oral chemotherapy of acute and chronic otitis media. 346 67

66 patients were given daily doses of ofloxacin between 400 and 800 mg for 10 days to 6 months. They were suffering from exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (15), soft tissue phlegmon (11), complicated urinary tract infections (7), bronchopneumonia (7), chronic osteomyelitis in exacerbation (8), chronic prostatitis in exacerbation (5), lower urinary tract infections (3), chronic otitis media (3), acute otitis (3), acute bronchitis (1), lung abscess (2) or liver abscess (1). Pathogens included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24), Haemophilus influenzae (16), Proteus mirabilis (6), Escherichia coli (6), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Providencia stuartii (2), Serratia marcescens (2), Citrobacter diversus (1), Salmonella enteritidis (1), Acinetobacter anitratus (1), Staphylococcus aureus (1) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (1). In 35 patients (53%), several aggravating factors coexisted. MICs of ofloxacin ranged from less than or equal to 0.06 to 2 mg/L. Clinically, 65% of the patients were considered as cured, 17% improved and 18% failed to respond. Bacteriologically, pathogens were eradicated in 62%, persisted in 16% and relapsed in 22%. Adverse reactions included gastrointestinal disturbances (4), rash plus facial oedema (1), abnormal liver function (2) and leucopenia (1).
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PMID:Efficacy and tolerance of oral ofloxacin in treating various infections. 348 12

This study evaluated the therapeutic role of ofloxacin in different forms of otitis media. After identifying the infecting bacteria in 250 patients with acute otitis media, or chronic otitis media, the clinical efficacy of orally administered ofloxacin 200mg twice daily was assessed in 45 patients from each of these groups. The clinical results were comparable with those obtained after conventional local and oral antibiotic therapy. Microbiological examination of the ear secretions revealed Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to be the main pathogens in acute otitis media, whereas in chronic otitis media P. aeruginosa and Proteus sp. were detected in most of the cases. Ofloxacin concentrations in secretions and mucosa specimens of the middle ear exceeded serum concentrations by more than 2-fold. On the basis of these preliminary results, ofloxacin appears to be an effective orally administered agent, without ototoxicity, which is effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, 2 important pathogens in middle ear infections. Ofloxacin should be considered as an alternative for the therapy of otitis media, especially the chronic forms.
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PMID:Chemotherapy of otitis media with ofloxacin. 348 14

Because macrophage dysfunction has been suggested as one of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for otitis media with effusion, we have examined macrophage-bacterial interactions using keyhole limpet hemocyanin-induced middle ear macrophages from chinchillas. Our data indicate that macrophages recruited to the middle ear were functional phagocytes capable of discriminate phagocytosis and intracellular killing of eight species of bacteria associated with otitis media, as determined by a fluorochrome microassay. Streptococcus pneumoniae types 14 and 19F, which are associated with the highest relapse frequency in cases of acute otitis media, were the most resistant to phagocytosis. The two organisms most often involved in chronic otitis media (Staphylococcus epidermidis and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae), however, were among the most readily phagocytized isolates. The relative importance of macrophage function in defense of the middle ear, therefore, may be dependent on the causative agent.
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PMID:Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by middle ear macrophages. 349 13

Previously, we extracted lipopolysaccaride endotoxin (LPS) from an axenic culture of Haemophilus influenzae and inoculated it into the middle ears of guinea pigs, inducing temporary serous effusions. In the present study, we tried to clarify whether the immunological mechanism responsible for producing the otitis media following outer cell wall inoculation was persistent. We extracted the outer cell wall from nontypable H. influenzae, using Zollinger's method, and inoculated extracts into the middle ears of guinea pigs that had previously received three injections of nonviable H. influenzae in Freund's complete adjuvant. Histological evaluations were performed from day 2 to day 24. Effusions and mucosal changes persisted for a longer time than in the LPS-inoculated model. Hypertrophied mucosae and increased numbers of goblet cells with hypersecretion were visible in the specimens on days 23-24. The condition seemed to show a greater similarity to chronic otitis media with effusion in children than did the LPS-inoculated model. We concluded that both the biological activity of the outer cell wall and immunological mechanisms might induce prolonged otitis media. We speculate that not only single middle ear infection but also general infections and repetitive middle ear infections may contribute to prolonged otitis media.
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PMID:Experimentally induced otitis media with effusion following inoculation with the outer cell wall of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. 350 Jul 5

It is known that bacterial endotoxin on the outer surface of most gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is not only biologically active material, but also the modulator of the immune response. The earlier experiment documented that the endotoxin of killed Haemophilus influenzae was responsible for induction of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). Recent study by DeMaria et al. determined the endotoxin of human middle ear effusion (MEE) by means of limulus amebocyte lysate assay. It was concluded the endotoxin was present in a high percentage of the effusion in human tympanic cavities. The present study was undertaken to quantitatively determine the endotoxin in human MEE by use of chromogenic substrate technique which is more sensitive and accurate than limulus assay. Sixty samples of mucoid and serous effusion were subjected to chromogenic substrate method. It was revealed that the mucoid effusion showed a significantly high level of endotoxin at 282 pg/ml in average, though the serous effusion contained only 35.9 pg/ml. It is assumed that the bacterial endotoxin may greatly contribute to the pathogenesis of otitis media with mucoid effusion.
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PMID:Quantitative determination of bacterial endotoxin in middle ear effusions by chromogenic substrate method. 383 50

Clinical bacteriological studies on cefotiam and cefsulodin in the field of otorhinolaryngology were carried out and the following results were obtained. 1) Aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria were dominantly isolated from the clinical materials sent to the center from the clinical institutes. 2) It was considered that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and beta-Streptococcus played an important role in the primary infections in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Staphylococcus aureus was also frequently isolated from the primary infections. Peptostreptococcus spp. was dominantly isolated from peritonsillar abscess. Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) were mainly isolated from the chronic secondary infections. Among GNB, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. were more frequently isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was also constantly detected in the secondary infections together with GNB. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 20.1% of the patients with chronic otitis media and 27.1% of sinusitis. 3) Cefotiam showed potent antibacterial activities against most isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 4) Cefsulodin showed potent antibacterial activities against clinically isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus and beta-Streptococcus were also susceptible to cefsulodin.
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PMID:[Clinical bacteriological studies on cefotiam and cefsulodin in the field of otorhinolaryngology]. 629 Jul 5

A biotype analysis was performed on serologically nontypable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the middle ear effusions and nasopharynges of 33 children with chronic otitis media with effusion (serous otitis media). Over 50% of the H. influenzae isolates from the middle ears belonged to biotype II. The incidence of beta-lactamase production was 17%. The results of this study indicate that future clinical or experimental investigations of chronic otitis media with effusion induced by serologically nontypable H. influenzae should focus on this clinically important biotype.
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PMID:Biotypes of serologically nontypable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from the middle ears and nasopharynges of patients with otitis media with effusion. 633 50


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