Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To characterize the middle and inner ear cellular inflammatory responses to otitis media using immunohistochemical methods, we inoculated type B Haemophilus influenzae into the middle ears of healthy adult BALB/c mice. Mac-1+ neutrophils and macrophages appeared in the middle ear at 3 days. Lyt-1+ T cells and Lyt-2+ T suppressor/cytotoxic cells entered the middle ear mucosa on days 7 and 14. IgG+ and IgM+ T cells were present at all time points, with IgA+ lymphocytes forming the majority of mucosal immunoglobulin-bearing cells at 2 weeks. The cochlear scala tympani contained Lyt-1+ and Mac-1+ cells and two endolymphatic sacs stained diffusely with anti-IgA and -IgG antibodies. Lyt-1/L3T4+ T lymphocytes greatly outnumbered B lymphocytes, suggesting that helper/inducer T cells play a more important role in acute otitis media than has been recognized. Inner ear changes occurred after a single episode of otitis media.
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PMID:Type B Haemophilus influenzae-induced otitis media in the mouse. 204 46

Serum type (IgG, IgM and IgA-class) and secretory type antibodies specific to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Branhamella catarrhalis (Br) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 46 serum and 114 middle ear effusion (MEE) samples from 85 children with acute otitis media (AOM). The samples were obtained within 12 h from the onset of the ear symptoms. Serum (but not secretory) type antibodies to the infecting Pn serotype were found in 24% of the MEE samples of the patients with Pn AOM and, correspondingly, serum and/or secretory type antibodies to Hi and Br were seen in 54% and 63% of the MEE samples of the patients with Hi or Br AOM, respectively. Moreover, antibodies against bacteria other than the causative one could also be found in the MEE. The occurrence of the serum type antibodies against these bacteria in the MEE was closely correlated with their serum levels. The findings of this study indicate that during the very early phase of AOM, the MEE contains both serum type antibodies originating from the serum, and secretory antibodies of middle ear origin. Among them there are antibodies specific to the three most common bacteria causing AOM (Pn, Hi, and Br) regardless of the bacterial etiology of the AOM attack in question.
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PMID:Antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion during early phase of acute otitis media. 210 60

The antibacterial activity of cefapirin was tested against 210 strains isolated from the auricular exudate of childrens' acute otitis media. For 112 strains of Haemophilus studied (20% secreted a beta-lactamase), the MIC 50 and 90 of cefapirin were 2 and 4 mg/l respectively. Ten strains of Branhamella catarrhalis were tested (9 secreted a beta-lactamase) and the MIC ranged from 0.25 to 4 mg/l. Against Streptococcus pneumoniae, cefapirin has an extremely high activity with MIC 50 and 90 less than 0.06 mg/l. Of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to meticillin, one had a MIC less than 0.06 mg/l, and 11 had a MIC = 0.25 mg/l. For 14 strains of Enterobacteriaceae studied, we obtained a MIC 50 of 8 mg/l and a MIC 90 of 32 mg/l. The results show that cefapirin is an antibiotic particularly suitable for the treatment of acute otitis media.
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PMID:[Activity of cefapirin against bacterial strains isolated from acute otitis media in children]. 211 4

The association conjunctivitis-otitis is highly suggestive of Haemophilus influenzae infection. This conjunctivitis otitis syndrome could be a good model to assess the efficacy of different antibiotic regimen in the treatment of acute otitis media due to HI without tympanocentesis. This prospective randomized trial compared the efficacy of two orally cephalosporins which demonstrate in vitro an activity against HI. This study was conducted from 4.20.1988 to 3.15.1989 and involved 73 children with COS examined in an outpatient clinic. The mean age was 17.7 months. Before treatment culture were taken from the lower palpebral conjunctivae. 81 strains was found: HI 61 (beta-lactamase-producing 15), Streptococcus pneumoniae 16, Branhamella Catarrhalis 4. The 73 patients were treated with 40 to 50 mg/kg/day of the test drug for ten days, 25 with Cefaclor in 3 divided dose (group 1), 24 with Cefatrizine in 3 divided dose (group 2), 24 with Cefatrizine in 2 divided dose (group 3). The recoveries was obtained in 17/25 in the group 1, 18/24 in the group 2, 15/24 in the group 3. There was no significant difference between the 3 groups.
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PMID:[Randomized study of cefatrizine versus cefaclor in conjunctivitis otitis syndrome]. 220 Sep 94

Specimens from acute otitis media (AOM) examined in the first quarter of the years 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989 were reviewed in order to point out any changes in the bacteriological etiology. A total of 1,722 specimens were taken in the community and in the hospitals of a county of 500,000 inhabitants in the 4-year-period: 447 (1986), 420 (1987), 388 (1988), 467 (1988). The majority of the specimens came from children less than 10 years of age. The specimen sampling technique differed between the various otologists, but their sampling techniques were constant through the years. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent isolate and held a constant incidence of 29.9% with little variation. In 1986-88 Streptococcus pneumoniae was the second (19.8%) and group A streptococci (GAS) the third (9.8%) most common agent in frequency. In 1989 a change in the etiologic agents was seen as GAS increased in frequency to 18.8% (p less than 0.001), while no significant changes occurred in the frequency of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. 33% of the specimens were negative in the whole period. It is too early to decide whether a transient epidemic has occurred or whether the findings announce a more constant change in etiology.
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PMID:Reappearance of group A streptococci in acute otitis media. 221 5

A comparative study of sultamicillin (an orally active dimer of sulbactam and ampicillin) and amoxycillin for the treatment of acute otitis media was carried out in 86 children with acute otitis media. After 10 days' treatment, of those with traditional middle ear pathogens, 35/36 (97%) 50 mg/kg.day or 500 mg/day sultamicillin-treated children were cured with eight relapses after a further 18 days without treatment compared with 12/13 (92%) 40 mg/kg.day or 250 mg/day amoxycillin-treated children and three subsequent relapses. All six beta-lactamase-producing pathogens were in the sultamicillin treatment group: four were Haemophilus influenzae/H. parainfluenzae that were resistant to amoxycillin, and all were cured although two then relapsed. No significant clinical or laboratory side-effects were noted in either amoxycillin- or sultamicillin-treated patients. It is concluded that sultamicillin was comparable to amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media.
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PMID:Sultamicillin (sulbactam/ampicillin) versus amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. 228 72

The acute otitis media is a frequent infantile disease and, in 80% of cases, a bacterial strain can be isolated from the otorrhoea. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the two major species isolated from auricular exudate, and represent two thirds of all isolated strains, with the others comprising Staphylococcus aureus, Branhamella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae and corynebacteria. The treatment of this disease is based principally on beta-lactams (aminopenicillins, cephalosporins) administered by the oral route. Cefuroxime is a cephalosporin which is absorbed via the digestive tract in the form of cefuroxim-axetil. The activity of this compound was studied against 210 strains isolated from otorrhoea, collected from children who presented an acute otitis media during the first half of 1989. These strains were: 112 strains of H. influenzae, of which 23 produced a beta-lactamase; 21 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae; 3 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes; 10 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis of which 9 produced a beta-lactamase; 18 strains of S. aureus; 14 strains of Enterobacteriaceae, and 32 strains of corynebacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefuroxime-axetil was measured by dilution in agar. The MICs of cefuroxime against H. influenzae were low and similar (MIC 50 = 1 mg/l; MIC 90 = 1 mg/l) regardless of whether the strain secreted a beta-lactamase. Overall, 90% and 98% of the 210 strains tested here were inhibited by 1 and 4 mg/l of cefuroxime respectively. These results show that the antibacterial spectrum of cefuroxime-axetil appears to be ideally suited to the bacterial strains isolated from acute otitis media.
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PMID:[Activity of cefuroxime against bacterial strains isolated from acute otitis media]. 236 51

355 children, 3 months to 15 years old, presenting with acute otitis media, underwent a bacteriological study of otitis exsudate. From November 1985 to September 1987, 162 myringotomy and 149 acute otitis media spontaneously discharging were studied in Paris. From October 1981 to September 1987, 62 myringotomy and 46 spontaneously discharging acute otitis were studied in Valognes. There was none pathogenic bacterium in respectively 20 and 14% of the samples. Two or more pathogenic bacterium were isolated in 24 and 7% of the samples. In Paris as in Valognes, 3 pathogens were predominants: Haemophilus (17% were beta-lactamase producers), S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus. There was only 5 and 3% Streptococcus pyogenes, 2% Branhamella catarrhalis in Paris, none in Valognes. Pseudomonas was present only in case of spontaneous otorrhea, even if recent. For the moment, the combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid is not our first treatment in case of acute otitis media in children. Actually we prescribe amoxicillin alone, 50 to 100 mg/kg/day. If the child is allergic to beta lactamin, we give him the combination of trimethoprime and sulfamethoxazole.
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PMID:[Current bacteriologic status and therapeutic results in acute otitis media in children aged over 3 months]. 249 9

We studied the association of acute otitis media with different respiratory virus infections in a pediatric department on the basis of epidemics between 1980 and 1985. Altogether 4524 cases of acute otitis media were diagnosed. The diagnosis was confirmed by tympanocentesis in 3332 ears. Respiratory virus infection was diagnosed during the same period in 989 patients by detecting viral antigen in nasopharyngeal mucus. There was a significant correlation between acute otitis media and respiratory virus epidemics, especially respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. There was no significant correlation between outbreaks of other respiratory viruses and acute otitis media. Acute otitis media was diagnosed in 57% of respiratory syncytial virus, 35% of influenza A virus, 33% of parainfluenza type 3 virus, 30% of adenovirus, 28% of parainfluenza type 1 virus, 18% of influenza B virus and 10% of parainfluenza type 2 virus infections. These observations show a clear association of respiratory virus infections with acute otitis media. In this study on hospitalized children Haemophilus influenzae strains were the most common bacteriologic pathogens in middle ear fluid, occurring in 19% of cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae was present in 16% and Branhamella catarrhalis in 7% of cases. There was no association between specific viruses and bacteria observed in this study.
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PMID:Acute otitis media and respiratory virus infections. 249 20

In a prospective study, 105 infants aged 3-12 months with acute otitis media were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: amoxycillin/clavulanate ('Augmentin') alone (36 patients), myringotomy plus placebo (35 patients), or augmentin plus myringotomy (34 patients). The last two groups were double-blinded. Bacterial pathogens, mainly Haemophilus influenzae (of which 20% were beta-lactamase producers) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were isolated from 60% of the ear exudates and all isolates were sensitive to augmentin. Most of the infants improved clinically within 3-6 days irrespective of the treatment protocol. As judged by otoscopy, 60% of the patients receiving augmentin, with or without myringotomy, recovered completely compared with 23% of patients treated with myringotomy plus placebo. Treatment with augmentin was also more effective than myringotomy with regard to persistence of ear infection. In the myringotomy plus augmentin group closure of the incision and resolution of the discharge from the incision site was faster than in the myringotomy plus placebo group. The addition of myringotomy to augmentin did not seem to affect either the persistence of the infection after treatment or the residual middle ear effusion.
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PMID:Randomised study of myringotomy, amoxycillin/clavulanate, or both for acute otitis media in infants. 256 3


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