Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a 10-year period, antibiotics were assigned in random, double-blind fashion in six combinations to treat 948 episodes of otitis media in children. Exudate from the middle ear of all patients was cultured before treatment. Three follow-up visits were conducted; the first follow-up visit was three to five days after the start of therapy, and the second and third visits were 14 and 31 days after onset of treatment. Exudates were recultured for 75% of the patients on the first follow-up visit. Comparison of treatment results showed that triple sulfonamide combined with either phenoxymethyl penicillin, or benzathine and procaine penicillin G given intramuscularly (IM) was as effective as was ampicillin or amoxicillin. Phenoxymethyl penicillin and cyclacillin alone were usually effective against pneumococci but relatively ineffective against Haemophilus influenzae. Cefaclor and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole produced unsatisfactory results in about half the cases caused by pneumococci or H influenzae. Although production of beta-lactamase by some otitis-causing Haemophilus and Staphylococcus species may explain the ineffectiveness of some treatments, the percentage of organisms positive for beta-lactamase was too small to be responsible for the poor results with certain drugs.
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PMID:In vivo sensitivity test in otitis media: efficacy of antibiotics. 387 Dec 51

A serious anaerobic sampling and cultivation technique was used in order to obtain representative samples from 45 middle ear effusions in 30 patients with longstanding secretory otitis media (SOM). Despite the fact that an accurate sterilizing procedure was performed, 16% disclosed contaminated samples from the ear canal and tympanic membrane. Among the remaining samples, middle ear bacteria were found in 30% of which Staphylococcus epidermidis and Haemophilus influenzae contributed to the major part. Anaerobes were only occasionally found. The amount of bacteria found was sparse in all cases. It can be concluded that the inflammatory process in SOM is not maintained by anaerobic bacteria within the middle ear cavity.
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PMID:A microbiological study of secretory otitis media using an anaerobic technique. 387 16

Acute otitis media is commonly caused by pneumococcus and Hemophilus influenzae. Amoxicillin is recommended as the initial therapy when the causative agent has not been identified. If amoxicillin is ineffective, cefaclor is useful. Decongestants are of little proven value. Since most middle ear effusions resolve spontaneously in three to four months, surgical treatment is seldom indicated.
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PMID:Developments in diagnosing and treating otitis media. 387 49

Major outer membrane antigens, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), from nontypable Haemophilus influenzae were characterized and examined as targets for complement-dependent human bactericidal antibodies. Outer membranes from two nontypable H. influenzae isolates that caused otitis media and pneumonia (middle ear and transtracheal aspirates) were prepared by shearing organisms in EDTA. These membranes were compared with membranes prepared independently by spheroplasting and lysozyme treatment of whole cells and found to have: similar sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of the proteins; identical densities (rho = 1.22 g/cm3); and minimal d-lactose dehydrogenase activity indicating purity from cytoplasmic membranes. Outer membranes were solubilized in an LPS-disaggregating buffer and proteins were separated from LPS by molecular sieve chromatography. The SDS-PAGE patterns of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from the two strains differed in the major band although other prominent bands appeared similar in molecular weight. LPS prepared by hot phenol water extraction of each of the strains contained 45% (pneumonia isolate) and 60% (otitis isolate) lipid (wt/wt), 49% and 50% carbohydrate (wt/wt), respectively, and less than 1%, 3-deoxy-manno octulosonic acid. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) purified from normal human serum (NHS) plus complement was bactericidal for both strains. Purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) from NHS killed the middle ear isolate and immune convalescent IgM from the serum of the patient with pneumonia killed his isolate. NHS or convalescent serum were absorbed with OMPs and LPS (0.6-110 micrograms) from each of the strains and immune specific inhibition of bactericidal antibody activity by each antigen was determined. OMPs from the pulmonary isolate inhibited bactericidal antibody activity directed against the isolate in both NHS (1.5 microgram of antigen) and immune serum (0.75 microgram of antigen). OMPs (60 micrograms) from the ear isolate also inhibited bactericidal activity in the respective immune serum. LPSs exhibited minimal inhibition (greater than 110 micrograms). Three human sera (two normal, one immune) were selectively depleted of 80% of antibody activity against OMPs (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) by affinity chromatography using OMPs from the pulmonary isolate coupled to a solid phase. These OMP antibody-depleted sera also showed an 88% reduction of bactericidal activity against this strain. Immunopurified antibody against OMPs eluted from the solid phase was bactericidal.
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PMID:Characterization of antigens from nontypable Haemophilus influenzae recognized by human bactericidal antibodies. Role of Haemophilus outer membrane proteins. 387 75

Simultaneous cultures of conjunctivae and middle ear exudates were obtained from 20 episodes of the syndrome of purulent conjunctivitis and otitis media. Paired cultures from 18 episodes yielded Haemophilus influenzae at both sites. In two cases with prior topical antibacterial therapy of the conjunctivitis, H influenzae was isolated from the middle ear exudate only. Biotyping and outer membrane protein analysis of H influenzae isolates from five patients demonstrated that: conjunctival and middle ear strains were concordant in all cases, and all five patients had different strains. The conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome is most often caused by strains of nontypable H influenzae of diverse clonotype.
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PMID:Bacterial etiology of conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome. 387 89

A method for testing adherence of Haemophilus influenzae strains to buccal mucosal cells is described. Bacteria grown in broth for 4 h were mixed with buccal mucosal cells. After elimination of unattached bacteria by repeated cycles of centrifugation and resuspension in PBS, the number of attached bacteria was counted microscopically. Optimal results were obtained with an early log-phase bacterial culture at a concentration of 10(9) bacteria/ml mixed with 2 X 10(4) cells/ml and incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min. This assay showed an at least ten times higher rate of adherence for Haemophilus influenzae than previous studies. Nontypeable strains attached in higher numbers than strains with the type b capsule. Adherence was related to the frequency of nontypeable strains rather than to the site of isolation or type of infection. Thus all the isolates from middle ear fluid were nontypeable, and all but one adhered. The results suggest a difference in virulence mechanisms between type b and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains.
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PMID:Method for testing adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to human buccal epithelial cells. 387 75

Haemophilus influenzae non-typable strain 119 was found to cause severe otitis media with sequellae when inoculated into the middle ear cavities of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. Acute inflammation was followed by the development of highly vascular granulation tissue and formation of new bone within the middle ear bulla. These changes persisted throughout the 14-week study in the untreated animals. The gerbil was variably susceptible to otitis media caused by inoculating 30-3000 bacterial cells and 100% susceptible to greater than 3000 cells. The susceptibility of the gerbil to common etiological agents of otitis media allows its use as an appropriate model of the disease.
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PMID:Longitudinal studies of experimental otitis media with Haemophilus influenzae in the gerbil. 387 86

Isolates were obtained from 169 middle ear aspirates of 148 children with recently treated acute otitis media (RTOM) and from 123 aspirates of 84 children with previously untreated acute otitis media (UOM). In RTOM Streptococcus pneumoniae and Group A streptococcus (P less than 0.02) were recovered less frequently whereas Staphylococcus aureus (P less than 0.001) and Haemophilus influenzae (P less than 0.02) were recovered more frequently than in UOM. Patients with RTOM had more beta-lactamase-producing organisms and multiple isolates. Bilateral sterile aspirates were more common in RTOM although bilateral otitis media was more common in UOM. In RTOM most Branhamella catarrhalis isolates were co-pathogens whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis were always isolated in pure culture. Amoxicillin was the antimicrobial most frequently (83.9%) received for the recently treated episode of otitis media. In RTOM 62.4% of isolates were susceptible to previously prescribed antibiotics, suggesting that factors other than antimicrobial susceptibility are also important in the occurrence of RTOM.
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PMID:Microbiology of recently treated acute otitis media compared with previously untreated acute otitis media. 387 1

Middle ear effusions and swabs from the external auditory meatus, nasopharynx and anterior nares have been collected from 100 children with chronic secretory otitis media. Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were typed and in vitro sensitivities to commonly used antibiotics were determined for these species and Staphylococcus aureus. Positive middle ear cultures were obtained from 21 children (27 effusions). Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae were the commonest organisms isolated, both from the middle ear and upper respiratory tract. When one or other of these species was isolated from the middle ear, the same organism was generally found in the upper respiratory tract, but not in the ear canal. The serotypes isolated from the different sites were also the same. Type 19 was the commonest Pneumococcal serotype isolated, while type e was the commonest capsulated strain of H. influenzae. Thirty-six per cent of strains of H. influenzae were resistant to penicillin and 25% of those of S. pneumoniae were resistant to trimethaprim. Eighty-one per cent of isolates of S. aureus were penicillin resistant. There was no difference in the incidence of either S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae in the post nasal spaces of children who had had their adenoids removed and those who had not.
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PMID:A bacteriological study of the middle ear and upper respiratory tract in children with chronic secretory otitis media. 387 68

The aim of the present investigation was to determine to what extent beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae (H.i.) and Branhamella catarrhalis (B.c.) were isolated in cases of failure of treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) with phenoxymethylpenicillin. Among children with suspected therapeutic failure referred to an ENT specialist altogether 11, 15% of those referred, fulfilled the criteria of AOM. Three of them were on erythromycin, 1 on ampicillin and 7 on phenoxymethylpenicillin. In 5 of the children treated with phenoxymethylpenicillin H.i. was isolated from middle ear exudate and/or the nasopharynx. All H.i. isolates were non-capsulated and beta-lactamase negative. One beta-lactamase producing B.c. was isolated from the nasopharynx in a patient with pure culture of H.i. in the ear exudate. The present investigation did not support the suggestion that beta-lactamase producing H.i. or B.c. are major causative agents in therapeutic failures of AOM treated with phenoxymethylpenicillin and did not produce any evidence supporting a change from the recommended ampicillin esters/amoxycillin in therapeutic failures.
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PMID:Phenoxymethylpenicillin and therapeutic failure in acute otitis media. 393 32


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