Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States, and acute respiratory infections account for a significant proportion of all primary care visits. Approximately one half of all exacerbations of COPD can be attributed to bacterial infection, and antibiotic therapy has been demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes and hasten clinical and physiologic recovery. The major pathogen continues to be Haemophilus influenzae, and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin can be expected in 20 to 40% of isolated strains. Certain high-risk patients, in whom the cost of clinical treatment failure is high, can be identified by simple clinical criteria. Patients with significant cardiopulmonary comorbidity, frequent purulent exacerbations of COPD, advanced age, generalized debility, malnutrition, chronic corticosteroid administration, long duration of COPD, and severe underlying lung function tend to fail therapy with older drugs, such as ampicillin, and early relapse can be expected. Treatment directed toward resistant pathogens with potent bactericidal drugs may be expected to lead to improved clinical outcomes and overall lower costs, particularly if hospital admissions and respiratory failure can be prevented. Future studies examining the role of antibiotics should enroll these high-risk patients to determine if new therapies have significant clinical, quality-of-life, and economic advantages over older agents.
 ...
PMID:The value of antibiotics and the outcomes of antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of COPD. 955 14

We carried out a retrospective study to investigate epidemiological and clinical aspects of patient management in a hospital environment. We studied 90 cases of non-tuberculous bacterial pleuropneumopathies in children, observed over a 5-year period, from January 1 1991 to December 31 1995, at the Pediatric Medical Unit of Yopougon University Hospital. Diagnosis was based on the association of an infectious syndrome with respiratory and digestive disorders, and was confirmed by X ray. Bacteria were isolated from pleural pus and identified in fifty-one cases. Non-tuberculous bacterial pleuropneumopathies accounted for 5.22% of all pneumopathies in children, and the sex ratio for the patients affected was 1.9. Protein and energy malnutrition, anemia, being very young and climatic factors (harmattan and rainy seasons) were identified as major risk factors. The three main bacteria identified were Staphylococcus aureus (21 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (19 cases) and Haemophilus influenzae (6 cases). In this series of patients, 20% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated were methicillin-resistant. Patients were generally treated with a combination of penicillin A and M and aminoside, with or without a pleural drain. The outcome was favorable in 77.8% of cases, with no severe sequelae detected by X ray. Six of the children died. Bacterial pneumopathies are still common in Sub-Saharan Africa and the patient being very young is indicative of a poor prognosis.
 ...
PMID:[Non-tuberculous bacterial pleuropneumopathies in children in Abidjan]. 1047 2

Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) is an important cause of death and morbidity in developed countries and also has significant economic impact. The disease is characterized by increased dyspnoea, sputum volume and sputum purulence; the most commonly associated pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae express virulence determinants that directly and indirectly impair mucociliary clearance and incite other consequences that are permissive to microbial persistence. Regarding the use of antibiotics, there is currently a lack of large-scale clinical trials that are sufficiently powerful to provide good evidence-based information. Nonetheless, antimicrobial chemotherapy has repeatedly been shown to confer benefit in patients with moderately severe features of AECB. Simple clinical criteria can be used to identify patients in whom there is a higher likelihood of treatment failure or mortality during AECB. These include significant cardiopulmonary co-morbidity, frequent exacerbations, advanced decline in lung function, malnutrition or other generalized debility, advanced age (>70 years) and concurrent treatment with corticosteroids. In such patients, an aggressive antimicrobial approach to AECB may be warranted in order to prevent clinical failure or representation. From a clinical perspective, appropriate drugs include those that are stable to beta-lactamases, are bactericidal against causative pathogens, penetrate diseased lung tissue in high concentrations and have a good safety profile.
 ...
PMID:Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective. 1065 44

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited lethal disease among Caucasians. The disease is characterized by a high sodium sweat concentration, malabsorption, malnutrition, and chronic bronchopulmonary infection. Although CF is a multisystem disorder it is the deterioration of lung function, due mainly to bacterial colonization, that is the major determinant contributing to the high morbidity and mortality of affected patients. A relatively large variety of microbial species can be recovered from the CF sputum but it is widely accepted that Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia cepacia are the most important organisms causing infection in CF patients. Among these, P.aruginosa is the most prevalent pathogen responsible for much of the severe chronic lung infection. Antibiotic therapy aimed at clearing or reducing, the bacterial load in the CF lung, even though temporary, increases the longevity of patients and is one of the mainstays in treatment the disease.
 ...
PMID:Microbial Pathogens Associated With Cystic Fibrosis: Special Focus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1110 11

Malnutrition, one of the world's greatest health problems, is a factor in the death of millions of children each year. Infection is the cause of death in over half these cases. Dietary deficiency, especially of protein, causes serious disturbances in the immune system. The mucus and cutaneous surfaces are the first affected. Studies of the respiratory mucus demonstrate frequent breaches which allow germs to penetrate. Antibodies are synthesized in reduced quantities, lymphocyte counts are often diminished, and reaction with infectious agents is poor. The phagocyte function of polynucleated cells is poor. Malnutrition is often associated with war, ignorance, poverty, and poor hygiene. Deficiencies of iron, vitamin A, and zinc may aggravate immune deficits. Ingestion of contaminated water is the main cause of diarrhea, which is very frequent among the malnourished and may be more serious than among adequately nourished individuals. Colibacillus and salmonella are most frequently isolated. Germs such as shigella, campylobacter, and rotavirus have the same incidence as in well nourished children. Pneumonia is responsible for 4 million deaths in children under 5 annually and is more common in the malnourished. The pathogenic agents may be pneumococci, Hemophilus, or staphylococci. Tuberculosis is also frequent, especially in zones with a prevalence of AIDS. Diagnosis of tuberculosis with cutaneous tests is difficult in the malnourished. Regardless of the pathogenic agent, pneumonia is more serious in the malnourished, and the need for treatment is more urgent. Urinary infections may occur in 10-25% of malnourished children vs. 2% of healthy children. The colibacillus is the most frequent cause. Specticemias, the most severe of infections, are not rare in the malnourished and are usually caused by Salmonella or the colibacillus. 20% of malnourished children are affected by infections acquired in the hospital. Among viral infections affecting them are measles and herpes. The fatality rate from measles may reach 25% in malnourished children. Parasitoses are frequent, but they do not seem to be more serious in malnourished children than in the general population. It is imperative in treating malnourished children to observe rigorous hygiene, use clean water, treat infections early, avoid hospital infections, and apply all available vaccines.
 ...
PMID:[Infections in malnourished infants and children]. 1228 6

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are still a major health problem in most developing countries. So far no study has evaluated the importance of childhood ARI in rural Senegal. We prospectively studied ARI, the percentage of pneumonia and related mortality, as well as the bacterial composition of nasopharyngeal flora using nasopharyngeal aspirates in 114 children, aged 2-59 months, presenting at Ndioum's pediatric ward. Excluded from the trial were those children that had had antimicrobial therapy in the previous 2 weeks. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to determine antibiotic resistance throughout the study. The percentage of ARI and pneumonia among the population tested was 24 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. Streptococcus pneumonia was often resistant to cotrimoxazole (31 per cent) but only 9 per cent were resistant to chloramphenicol and 14 per cent to penicillin. Haemophilus influenzae (HI) was uniformly sensitive to ampicillin, and only 4 per cent were resistant to chloramphenicol and 11 per cent to cotrimoxazole. We conclude that SP and HI resistance to cotrimoxazole is important and warrants larger clinical trials using chloramphenicol. Information campaigns and intense management of comorbidities are desirable in this type of population. Comorbidities (tuberculosis, malaria, HIV-AIDS, severe malnutrition) are determinant variables in many ARI cases and carry a high negative prognosis value.
 ...
PMID:Percentage, bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of acute respiratory infection and pneumonia among children in rural Senegal. 1263 Jul 17

Recent advances in child survival have often been at the expense of increasing inequity. Successive interventions are applied to the same population sectors, while the same children in other sectors consistently miss out, leading to a trend towards increasing inequity in child survival. This is particularly important in the case of pneumonia, the leading cause of child death, which is closely linked to poverty and malnutrition, and for which effective community-based case management is more difficult to achieve than for other causes of child death. The key strategies for the prevention of childhood pneumonia are case management, mainly through Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), and immunization, particularly the newer vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcus. There is a tendency to introduce both interventions into communities that already have access to basic health care and preventive services, thereby increasing the relative disadvantage experienced by those children without such access. Both strategies can be implemented in such a way as to decrease rather than increase inequity. It is important to monitor equity when introducing child-survival interventions. Economic poverty, as measured by analyses based on wealth quintiles, is an important determinant of inequity in health outcomes but in some settings other factors may be of greater importance. Geography and ethnicity can both lead to failed access to health care, and therefore inequity in child survival. Poorly functioning health facilities are also of major importance. Countries need to be aware of the main determinants of inequity in their communities so that measures can be taken to ensure that IMCI, new vaccine implementation and other child-survival strategies are introduced in an equitable manner.
 ...
PMID:Equity and child-survival strategies. 1854 43

Ladino and native Indian Guatemalan infants developed high rates (96-100%) of protective antibodies after receiving conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Native Indian infants developed significantly (p<0.01) higher geometric mean anti-PRP (polyribose-ribitol-phosphate) and anti-HBs (anti-hepatitis b surface) antibody concentrations than Ladino infants. Malnourished infants generally responded as well as healthy infants. Unvaccinated native Indian infants had higher rates of developing anti-PRP antibodies than Ladino infants by seven months of age.
 ...
PMID:Differences in the immune response to hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in Guatemalan infants by ethnic group and nutritional status. 1946 46

Malnutrition is a significant risk factor for childhood infectious diseases in developing countries, including Papua New Guinea (PNG). Whilst the mechanisms are not fully understood there is little doubt that impairment of immune function is a major contributing factor in enhancing disease susceptibility in malnourished children. This susceptibility has been clearly shown for pneumonia in PNG. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of undernutrition on the humoral immune profile in children less than 60 months of age with pneumonia. The study was cross-sectional with measurements of nutritional status and parameters of the immune response being assessed simultaneously. The children were grouped according to age for the purpose of comparative analysis. The children were from the Goroka region of the Eastern Highlands Province of PNG and had been admitted to hospital with moderate-severe pneumonia. They were classified as undernourished (less than 80% weight for age) or nourished (greater than or equal to 80% weight for age). Serum albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM and salivary albumin and IgA were measured. Antibodies to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane protein and Escherichia coli O antigen were also determined in serum and saliva. Undernourished children aged less than 49 months had lower levels of serum albumin than nourished children throughout this age range. Lower values of salivary IgA were observed in infants (less than 13 months of age) than in older children, with a larger proportion of younger children having no detectable IgA. The age-related immunological profile was similar in undernourished and nourished children. At different age intervals the concentration of immunoglobulins in serum and saliva from undernourished children was generally found to be less than or the same as that from nourished children. In most cases undernourished children had lower levels of specific antibodies than nourished children but for some antibodies in some age groups the levels in the undernourished were higher. In conclusion, undernutrition was associated with hypoalbuminaemia and reduced humoral immune responses in children with pneumonia but its immunological effects varied with age in an unpredictable way.
 ...
PMID:The relationship between undernutrition and humoral immune status in children with pneumonia in Papua New Guinea. 2106 43

We report on a patient with hypovitaminosis A treated with autologous serum (AS) who had bilateral infectious ulcers positive for Haemophilus influenzae. The patient suffered a perforation of his right eye and total healing of his left eye with a residual leukoma. In cases of severe malnutrition, serum levels of vitamins and bacteriostatic and growth factors are reduced, so AS would not only be ineffective but also increase the risk of secondary corneal infection. The prophylactic use of a topical antibiotic would be useful in treatment with AS, especially in patients who do not use and adequately store the eye drops, as in our patient.
 ...
PMID:Fulminant bilateral Haemophilus influenzae keratitis in a patient with hypovitaminosis A treated with contaminated autologous serum. 2131 59


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>