Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Significant changes have taken place in the epidemiology, microbiology and antibiotic therapy of bone and joint infections. Gram-negative bacilli have become an increasingly common cause, particularly in immunocompromised patients; anaerobes have been implicated in osteomyelitis associated with metallic foreign bodies; and there is increasing use of oral antibiotic regimens following an initial period of parenteral treatment. Gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes are found in polymicrobial non-haematogenous osteomyelitis (e.g. post-traumatic, post-surgical), but Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common cause of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis, with streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae responsible for most of the remainder. A precise microbiological diagnosis is essential. Diagnosis is based on Gram stain and culture of bone biopsies or aspirated pus, or on blood cultures. Specimens should be obtained before starting therapy. Any suspected primary foci of infection should be cultured. Parenteral antibiotics are given as soon as specimens are obtained, and continued for at least 3 weeks. The common causative organisms in septic arthritis are the same as in osteomyelitis, with the addition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in young, sexually active adults. As in osteomyelitis, a precise microbiological diagnosis is of paramount importance, ideally by joint aspiration for cell count, Gram stain, biochemical analysis and culture, or by blood cultures. Optimum therapy is with antibiotics, repeated therapeutic aspirations, and resting the joint. Parenteral antibiotics should be started as soon as specimens are obtained and continued for 4 to 6 weeks. Gonococcal arthritis, however, can be treated successfully with 1 week of antibiotics. When treatment of either osteomyelitis or septic arthritis is continued with oral antibiotics, serum antibiotic concentrations or serum bactericidal levels are mandatory to ensure adequate absorption.
 ...
PMID:Current concepts in the management of infections in bones and joints. 379 29

The current review describes the microbiology, diagnosis and management of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to anaerobic bacteria in children. Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae type-b, and Group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Kingela kingae, Neisseria meningiditis and Salmonella spp are the predominant aerobic bacteria that cause arthritis in children. Gonococcal arthritis can occur in sexually active adolescents. The predominant aerobes causing osteomyelitis in children are S. aureus, H. influenzae type-b, Gram-negative enteric bacteria, beta-hemolytic streptococci, S. pneumoniae, K. kingae, Bartonella henselae and Borrelia burgdorferi. Anaerobes have rarely been reported as a cause of these infections in children. The main anaerobes in arthritis include anaerobic Gram negative bacilli including Bacteroides fragilis group, Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. Most of the cases of anaerobic arthritis, in contrast to anaerobic osteomyelitis, involved a single isolate. Most of the cases of anaerobic arthritis are secondary to hematogenous spread. Many patients with osteomyelitis due to anaerobic bacteria have evidence of anaerobic infection elsewhere in the body, which is the source of the organisms involved in osteomyelitis. Treatment of arthritis and osteomyelitis involving anaerobic bacteria includes symptomatic therapy, immobilization in some cases, adequate drainage of purulent material and antibiotic therapy effective to these organisms.
 ...
PMID:Joint and bone infections due to anaerobic bacteria in children. 1239 47